6 Spong. 
SPONGIIDA. 
Genera, Species, &c., referred to. 
CARNOSA. 
Ilalisarca lobularis , Schmidt. G. C. J. Yosmaor, Biol. Centralbl. i. 
p. 103 [1881], believes Braun right in upholding its hermaphroditism, and 
considers that the opinion expressed by the same author, that one and 
the same dioecious species of Sponge can occasionally become hermaphro- 
dite, is plausible, and that the argument derived from a similar occur- 
rence in Tubularia is apposite. 
CE RATOS A. 
Aplysina compressa , (2) p. 272 ; Spongia fenestrata , Duchassaing & 
Michellotti, is an Aplysina. 
Aplysina aerophoba. Its colouring matter is described by Kruken- 
berg, (9) p. 41, table iii., under the name Uranidine ; the dark form 
which it assumes after death is termed Aplysinonigrin. Rapid treatment 
of this Sponge discloses in it five different yellow pigments, varying in 
tint from orange to greeuish yellow, viz., (1) Uranidine, also found 
in Reniera aquiductus , Tedania muggiana , Suberites Jtavus } Clathria coral- 
loules , Ilircinia variabilis , and Tcthya lyncurium , and perhaps identical 
with a hepatic colouring matter widely distributed among Invertebrata. 
It is soluble in alcohol, ether, fatty and ethereal oils, &c. ; it is character- 
ized by a broad absorption band between n and C. (2) Also called Urani- 
dine ; occurs in Tedania muggiana , Tethya lyncurium , Suberites jlavus 
and massa , and many other Sponges. It is distinguished by two absorp- 
tion bands on or in the neighbourhood of F ; solutions are bleached by 
light with some rapidity ; it resembles the yellow colouring matter of 
the fats of Vertebrata in its relations to solvents. (3) Is sometimes ex- 
tracted from the living Sponge by alcohol, ether, or oil of turpentine, and 
gives an absorption band near e, about line 14. (4) Is indicated in alco- 
holic solutions by a band just before o, at about line 11. (5) Aplysino- 
f ulvin ; has only been discovered with certainty in the Aplysinidce among 
Sponges. It is soluble in the ordinary solvents, but here, as in the dead 
tissues of the Sponge, it is rapidly altered into a dark modification, Aply- 
sinonigrin ; boiling heat effects this instantaneously. If, however, the 
Sponge is treated with alcohol made strongly acid by hydrochloric acid, 
the solution retains the yellow colour for days, and even in presence of 
heat it exhibits no absorption bands in the spectrum. Aplysilla sul- 
phurea, F. E. Schulze, also contains Aplysinofulvin, differing only in the 
slowness with which it alters its colour. The change of colour in both 
is due to the destruction, by oxidation, of a ferment whose action is to 
maintain the pigment in its yellow condition. The lymph of a com- 
mensal of Aplysina aerophoba , viz., a Tunicate, Ascidia fumigata , has a 
pigment closely resembling Aplysinofulvin in most of its properties, but 
changing to dull brown instead of brownish yellow when its alcoholic 
solution is dropped into liquid ammonia, and exhibiting similar differences 
