SPONGIJDA. 
10 Spong. 
Spermatozoa in Spongilla. Carter, (5) p. 364, pi. xvi. figs. 7 & 8, 
describes and figures from his journal kept at Bombay, what appear to 
him to be sperm-balls and spermatozoa of Spongilla alba. 
Polygonal cell-structure in Spongilla. Carter, (5) p. 366, calls atten- 
tion to this as occurring in the gemmule of S. carter i, S. nitcns , and S. 
lordi , var. segregata, pi. xvi. figs. 9-11, in which the gemmule is quadri. 
locular. 
Spongilla chlorophyll-corpuscles stated to have rendered chlorophyll -less 
specimens otStentor green; Brandt, Arch, fur Anat. Phys. 1882, pp. 125 
et seq ., 1 pi. “ Ueber die morphologische und physiologische Bedeu- 
tuDg des Chlorophylls bei Thieren ” ; the fragments of living Spongilla 
were taken in by the Infusorian, but not digested. G. Entz, Biol. Centralbl. 
ii. p. 461, upholds the algal natureof the chlorophyll masses of green animals, 
a view which he claims to have published in Hungarian in 1876. On the 
general subject, see also P. Geddes, Tr. R. Soc. Edinb. 1882 (abstract in 
Nature, xxv. p. 303), where he establishes a new genus, Philozoon , for the 
alleged parasitic algge; and id. Nature, tom. cit. p. 361, and E. P. 
Wright, l. c. p. 362, who states that spores of an alga, Ghlorochytrium , 
have been found by him in the bodies of animals, adapting themselves 
to the circumstances. See also Brandt, l. c. supra, who sums up the 
chief facts relating to chlorophyll as connected with animals, and of 
the observations relating to it. He finds that the green bodies of the 
Spongillidce differ from those of Hydra and ciliated Infusoria only in 
being decidedly smaller. He still regards them, in whatever animals they 
occur, as Algae. Experiments on Spongilla showed that it can live for a 
month without food, in filtered water. Brandt concludes that tho groen 
bodies have the same action on their animal hosts as the chlorophyll 
on plants. The animal is to be regarded as parasitic on the plant. 
These associations of Algae and animals are termed Phytozoa. 
Carter (5) remarks on the absence of any structure accompanying the 
green colour in Spongilla , and on the possibility of its being derived from 
Algae. 
Spongilla fluviatilis , (10) pi. xx. figs. 1-14. The occurrence of chloro- 
phyll and amyloid substance in its cells is demonstrated by Lankester. 
The chlorophyll is present in the form of corpuscles, normally to 
T j 3 oo inch in diameter, and concavo-convex in shape, each found attached 
cap-wise to a portion of tho cell-protoplasm when the cell is broken up 
by mechanical violence ; they multiply by fission. An amyloid substance 
was found in the cells under two forms : (1) occupying large vacuoles in 
the protoplasm ; (2) as fine granules on the surface of some cells, and 
embedded in the superficial protoplasmic layer ; such vacuoles stained 
with picrocarmine after treatment with osmic acid, and hence appear to 
contain also an albuminous substance ; they are equally abundant in pale 
flesh-coloured, and in green specimens of Spongilla ; were found very 
abundant in October, and are perhaps connected with the nutrition of the 
gemmules during the winter ; (2) are perhaps derived from (1). Colourless 
specimens of Spongilla contain colourless corpuscles of an irregular 
angular shape ; pale green specimens contain a few coloured chlorophyll 
corpuscles besides these uncoloured ones; the assumption of a green 
