NEW GENERA AND SPECIES, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. SjOGlUJ . IQ 
O. F. Muller. I. pallida , id. 1. c. p. 16, pis. i. figs. 9 & 15, ii. figs. 22-26, 
29-38, iv. fig. 117, near Hammerfest; it possibly = Geodia globus, 
Schmidt. 
Synops, Yosmaer, (17) p. 20. Differs from Isops in having the vents 
already bounded by distinct walls, and these walls forming a perforated 
velum overhanging the sphincter ; based on S. pyriformis , sp. n., id. 1 . c. 
pis. iii. figs. 52-63, iv. figs. 119 & 154, near Hammerfest. 
General Anatomy and Physiology. 
The position iu the spouge-skeleton occupied by the different forms of 
spicules are brought forward by F. E. Schulze, Report of Yersammlung 
deutscher Naturforscher und Aerzte in Eisenach, Zool. Anz. v. p. 530, 
as a proof that the}' owe these forms to statical principles and not to 
circumstances connected with crystallization. 
In a discussion held at this meeting, E. Hacichl accepts this view for 
Sponges. Marshall regards the axial substance of the spicule as all- 
important, and considers that the spicules arrange themselves in accord- 
ance with the directions of the currents of the water. 
Noll (13) believes the ultimate form of a Sponge to be due, in the 
first instance, to the character of the surface to which it attaches itself : 
the ectoderm takes a lead in the changes of form. 
Lipochrome : — The yellow and red pigments of Sponges, like those of 
most other animals, are almost without exception, according to Kruken- 
13 erg, (9) tables vii. & viii., referable to this pigment. Thus, the extracts of 
Tedania maggiana, Reniera aquiductus, SuJSerites Jlavus, Tctliya lyncurium, 
and Clathria coralloides show the presence of hepatochromatic substances, 
giving an absorption band between r and c, and being decomposed by 
caustic soda. After saponification of the extracts by alkali, certain com- 
pounds appear, having a definite set of absorption bands. Thus, the red- 
dish-brown alcoholic extract of Tedania mug giana treated with petroleum- 
ether, yields yellow to orange compounds, giving a band at F and another 
at line 19; the yellow residue, after evaporation of the ether, becomes 
blue under the action of nitric or sulphuric acid, and dissolves roadily in 
ether, chloroform, and carbon-disulphide, the colour and spectrum of the 
solution closely resembling that of Lipochriu ; addition of chloride of 
sodium appears to convert a portion of the pigments into a substance 
entirely resembling Rhodophan. Suberites massa yields the same yellow 
pigment, and also a red one ; S. Jlavus exclusively the yellow form. With 
Papillina suberea the spectrum has its bauds nearer to the blue end than 
S. Jlavus. The yellow Lipochrome also occurs in Hircinia spinosula, 
Reniera aquiductus, Tethya lyncurium , Cacospongia, and perhaps Chon- 
drosia reniformis and Aplysina aerophoba. That of a species of Esperia: is 
a different form of the pigment. Krukenberg considers the variations of 
these pigments available for purposes of classificatory distinction iu the 
Suberitidce. 
Conditions of life in the deep sea. T. Fuchs is reported in Ann. Sci. 
Nat. (6) xiii., article No. ii., as connecting the deep distribution of 
animals, including sponges, chiefly with light. 
1882. [vol. xix.] e 5 
