Spong. 
SP0NG1IDA. 
Fam. 1. Ochetulce. With true canal system ; include Eusiphonella and 
Corynella , Zittel, Stellispongia, D’Orbigny, &c. 
Fam. 2. Anochetidce. Without canal system. Genera, Himatella , 
Conocoilia , Peronella , Elasmoccelia. 
Steinmann, Z. c., considers that such Inozoa as Liospongia and Ainorpho- 
spongia, D’Orbigny, by the characters of their canal system and the rec- 
tangular meshwork formed by their skeletal fibres, show a connection 
with some Milleporidai and Stromatoporidce. 
Stellispongia variabilis , (20) p. 180, pi. ix. fig. 2, contains short, thick, 
blunt spicules, resembling those of the internodes of Melitlicea coccinea , 
&c., but, according to Steinmann, scarcely like any sponge-spicules. 
Borings of parasitic Thallophytes observed by Steinmann, l. c. pp. 181— 
185, in Celyphia submarginalis, pi. ix. fig. 3, and in Thaumastoccelia cassiana , 
pi. viii. fig. 3, in the latter case only in the outer and inner layers, not in 
the spicules. From the circumstances of their occurrence, he concludes 
that probably the calcareous skeletal elements were originally embedded 
in horny substance, and the skeleton resembled that of true Ccelenter- 
ates rather than Sponges. 
Zittel (21) calls attention to Hinde’s observation of elongate and tri- 
radiate or quadriradiate spicules in Verticillites dorbignii , Corynella , and 
Stellispongia , and considers the placing of the Pharetrones among the 
■Calcar ea justified by an examination of Hinde’s preparations. 
Astroconia granti , Sollas, described; P. G. Soc. 1881, p. 50, and Geol. 
Mag. 1881, p. 59, as well as in the place referred to in Zool. Rec. xviii. 
Spong. p. 14. 
Siphonia pyriformis and sponge-spicula recorded from the Gault of the 
Blackdown Hills by W. Downes, J. G. Soc. xxxviii. p. 85. 
Protospongia. Zittel, (21) regards it and Dictyophyton as rightly 
placed among the Sponges. He prefers to place Protospongia among the 
Dictyonina, in a distinct family with Dictyophyton and some other forms, 
distinguished by the very large and regularly fused G-radiate spicules, 
whose externally and internally directed rays are entirely aborted ; 
the skeleton forms a delicate, perhaps multi-laminar network, with cubic 
meshes ; the form and structure resemble those of Euplectella. He re- 
ports Hinde’s telief that a similar structure occurs in Tetragonis sp., from 
Gothland. 
A straw spongia in String ocepha Zus-bods in Middlo Devonian ; SohlOtek, 
SB. Vor. Rlieinl. xxxviii. p. 213. 
Fossil Sponges from Jurassic of Northern Bohemia; G. Bruder, SB. 
Ak. Wien, lxxxv. pp. 453-488, describes Pachytichisma lepas, pi. ii. fig. G, 
Cypellia ( Spongites ) dolosa, Melonella racliata , pi. ii. fig. 7, all of Quen- 
stedt, and Cylindrophyma milleporatum, Goldfuss, and Corynella madrepo- 
rata ) Quenstedt, from this formation. 
Occurrence of Sponges in the Senonian Chalk of W. and E. Prussia 
-indicated ; H. Schroder, Z. geol. Ges. xxxiv. p. 276. 
List of Fossil Sponges from Upper Chalk, Cromer, Norfolk, by C. Reid, 
Mem. Geol. Surv. Engl. 1882, p. 5. 
Spong ilia fluvial ilis, Cliona ) from Pliocene, same locality ; id. 1. c. p. 65. 
The Sponges found in the different formations in Britain enumerated 
