9 Trot, 
PROTOZOA. 
chocysts, similar to those developed in many Ciliata , and comparable to 
the urticating organs or nematocysts of the Ccdenterata. Kunstler, how- 
ever, failed to detect in Cryptomonas the presence of the minute rod-like 
structures within which the filamentous prolongations should be at first 
cnclosod, in order to fully establish tho suggested homology with the 
trichocysts of the ciliated Infusoria. In the winter, Cryptomonas ovata was 
observed to acquire special characters ; the cuticle becomes much 
thickened, the continued vacuoles showing very distinctly without the 
application of reagents, while the nucleus contains only a large nucleolus. 
In infusions in an advanced state of decomposition, Kunstler observed 
numbers of Chilomonas paramcecium in a sort of palmelloid state, the 
individuals being so imbedded within a common transparent gelatinous 
matrix as to closely resemble a Zooglaea. 
[Kunstler, J.] Contribution a l’etude des Flagelles. Bull. Soc. Z. Fr. 
vii. pp. 1-112. 
The types investigated by Kunstler were Heteromitus olivaceus ( Cryp - 
tomonas ovatus , Ehr.), Chilomonas paramcecium , Ehr., Euglena oxyurus , 
Schmarda, Phacus pleuronectis, Duj., Trachelomonas hispida , Stein, Ento- 
siphon sulcatum , Stein, Chlamydomonas pulvisculus, Ehr., and Astasia cos - 
tata. In all these types, it is maintained that the flagella are not simple 
protoplasmic filaments as hitherto represented, but that under the highest 
magnifying power .they exhibit a distinct transverse striature, and are, 
therefore, physiologically comparable to the ultimate fibrill® of striped 
muscular tissue. According to Kunstler, Chlamydomonas pulvisculus , 
usually represented as possessing but two flagella, has four such struc- 
tures ; while in Trachelomonas hispida , a second minute retractile fla- 
gellum is said to be developed at the base of the single filament hitherto 
observed. In several of the types above enumerated, including especially 
Heteromitus olivaceus and Chilomonas paramcecium , the locomotive flagella 
were observed to be supplemented by a series of exceedingly fine, trans- 
parent, protoplasmic filaments, apparently subsidiary to the function of 
prehension. The tegumentary system, according to this author, is in 
Cryptomonas highly complex, consisting of no less than four distinct 
layers. These include an external hyaline cuticle, two subjacent highly 
vacuolate green layers, and an innermost layer enclosing polygonal starch- 
grains. A closely analogous structural composition of Chilomonas , Phacus , 
and Euglena is likewise described. The alimentary apparatus in 
Cryptomonas , according to Kunstler, is highly complex : it includes a 
digestive vestibule, a well-defined stomach, iutestine, and anal aperture ; 
the so-called stomach presents a remarkable cellular aspect, shown when 
highly magnified to be due to the close apposition throughout its area 
of a series of minute vacuoles of uniform size, which mostly enclose starch 
granules. The contractile vesicle is described as being bounded by a similar 
definite vacuolate wall, as is likewise also the so-called brood-chamber in 
the dorsal region, wherein are developed the germs derived from the 
breaking up of the nucleus. A new species of Astasia , A. costata , is 
figured and described. 
