THEORY OF EVOLUTION. 
Gen. Sub. 11 
tively unindividuated cells into an aggregate in which each becomes 
diminishingly competitive and increasingly subordinated to the whole. 
That increase of reproductive sacrifice which at once makes the Mammal 
and marks its essential stages of further progress (monotreme, marsupial, 
placental), that increase of parental care, that frequent appearance of 
sociality and co-operation which, even in its rudest forms, so surely 
secures the success of the species attaining it — be it mammal or bird, 
insect, or even worm — all these phenomena of the survival of the truly 
fittest, through love, sacrifice, and co-operation, need far other promi- 
nence than they could possibly receive on the hypothesis of the essential 
progress of the species through internecine struggle of its individuals at 
the margin of subsistence.” 
Gegenbaur, C. Canogenese. Yerh. Auat. Ges. ii, in Anat. Anz. iii, 
pp, 493-499. 
Giard, A. Cours devolution des- 5tres organisees. Lefon d’ouverture. 
Rev. Sci. xlvii, pp. 689-699. 
Gulick, J. T. Divergent Evolution through Cumulative Segregation. 
J. L. S. xx, pp. 189-274. 
Cf. criticism by A. R. Wallace, Nature, xxxviii, pp. 490 & 491. 
The conditions and effects of segregation. “ Separation without a 
difference in external circumstances is a condition sufficient to insure 
divergence in type.” There is “ a law rising out of the very nature of 
organic activities, a law of segregation, bringing together forms similarly 
endowed, and separating them from their neighbours.” “ Cumulative 
segregation produces accumulated divergence ; and accumulated diverg- 
ence produces permanent segregation ; and the segregate subdivision of 
those permanently segregated produces the divisions and subdivisions of 
organic phyla.” All this happens “ without any selection in the sense 
that natural selection is selection.” Analysis (with wealth of termin- 
ology) of the various kinds of segregation : (a) Environed — industrial, 
chronal, spatial, fertilizational, artificial (with subdivisions) ; (b) Reflexive 
— conjunctional, impreguational, and institutional; (c) Intensive— with 
eight subdivisions. 
. Divergent Evolution. Letter to Nature, xxxix, 994, pp. 54 & 55. 
°Gresswell, G. Examination of the Theory of Evolution and some of 
its implications. London : 8vo, 170 pp. 
C H. A. S. Darwin and his Works ; a Biological and Metaphysical 
Study. London ; 8vo, 84 pp. 
^Heilprin, A. The Geological Evidences of Evolution : a popular 
exposition of facts bearing upon the Darwinian theory. Phila^ 
delphia: 8vo. 
Herdman, W. A. The Utility of Specific Characters. Nature, xxxix, 
1000, pp. 200 & 201. t 
" In the Tunicata, at least, specific characters are of actual importance 
to their possessors, and are adaptive modifications such as would be pro- 
duced by the action of natural selection;” 
