ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. 
Moll 37 
: In Valvata piscinalis the renal tube is simple above, but divides below 
into two secondary tubes ; the right opens into the pericardium, and is 
provided with cilia ; the left opens at the bottom of the pallial cavity. 
Only one kind of cells is present. The excretory products are got rid of 
either by extrusion or desquamation. Many of the author’s conclusions 
differ from those reached by Perrier ; G arnault (4). Some of these 
conclusions controverted ; Bernard (2). Reply ; Perrier (2). 
In A mpullaria the kidney consists of a large cavity, occupying the last 
turn of the spiral to the right of aud behind the heart. It leads into a 
second kidney situated near the end of the gill, which again communi- 
cates with the exterior on the right side of the back, and not near the 
anus, as hitherto asserted. The large cavity encloses a considerable part 
of the intestine and the female generative glands ; Bouvier (2). 
Nephridia of Sepia secrete uric acid and phosphates ; salivary glands 
of Helix yield a soluble ferment, capable of transforming starch into sugar. 
The “ liver ” in Helix , Limax f Anodonta , &c., is pancreatic in function ; 
Griffiths (2). 
Ureter in Helix is sometimes a closed tube, sometimes a groove ; 
Braun (3). 
Development of the ureter of Helix pomatia , and remarks on the 
divisions Nephropnensta and Branchiopneusta of v. Ihering ; id. (4). 
Two forms of pericardial gland are distinguished in the Pelecypoda ; 
its function is excretory; Grobben (3). 
The histology of the pedal gland in Pleurobranchus, Pleurobranchcea , 
and Pleurophyllidia has been investigated ; Rawitz (1). 
Sompor’s organ appoars to bo glandular, not sensory ; the same is the 
case with the pedal gland in Limax ; Hanitscii. 
The purple-gland of Aplysia serves to purify the blood ; Saint-Loup. 
The formation of the byssus and the histology of the organ which 
secretes it has been studied iu Dreyssensia polymorpha and some other 
forms. It is a cuticular formation, and like other similar structures can 
be thrown off and replaced ; this action is accompanied by a degenera- 
tion of the byssus cavity, which recovers its normal development with 
renewed activity ; Reichel. 
The different stages in the secretory activity of the goblet cells in the 
mantle of Mussels described ; special importance assigued to the nucleus 
in regard to the nutrition of the cell ; Rawitz (2, 3). 
Spectrum of enterochlorophyll of Limnceus figured ; MacMunn. 
Verrill’s organ noted in embryos of Loligo ; probably glandular in 
function ; Laurie. 
The structure known as t{ Verrill’s organ ” was first described by H. 
Muller in 1853; Brock (1). 
Crypts in the siphons of certain Pelecypods are filled with a mucus, in 
which can be distinguished luminous bacilli ; Dubois (2). 
7 . Nervous System . 
The general arrangement of the nervous system of the Gastropoda 
