SEX AND REPRODUCTION. 
Gen. Sub . 27 
find others female.’’ “ The female is a repressed male state. The male 
state, on account of its prodigious fertility and the flagellate type of its 
products, is a reversion to the asexual method of reproduction, as respects 
the physiological methods involved, and the morphological character of 
the elements produced. Male and female products were at first and still 
continue to be delivered as useless products of over-assimilation. Con- 
tinuous growth was the primary factor in divergent evolution. The 
polar bodies are a phylogenetic reminiscence of the asexual or male 
flagcllato stato. The view that tho female is prepondoratingly 1 anabolic ’ 
and tho malo 4 katabolic,’ as hold by Gcddes and Thomson, cannot be 
sustained on the basis fact, since it is readily demonstrated that the male 
element represents a higher product of constructive metabolism than tho 
female.” 
Trautzsch, II. Anmcrkungcn zu den Versuchen des Ilerrn Dr. Loob 
fiber Heteromorphose. Biol. Centralbl. xi, pp. 200-212. 
Voeltzkow, A. Ueber die Ei-Ablage und Embryonal-Entwickelung der 
Krokodile. SB. Ak. Berlin (1891) pp. 115-120. 
An interesting note on the call made by the young from within the 
buried eggs. 
Wash ANN, E. Parthenogenesis bei Ameisen durch kfinstliche Tempe- 
raturverhaltnisse. Biol. Centralbl. xi, pp. 21-23. 
During three successive winters artificial warming induced partheno- 
genesis in the workers of Formica sunguinea and their helpers, F.fusca. 
On one day twelve workers of F. sanguinca were seen laying eggs. 
We ISM ANN, A. Amphimixis oder die Vermischung der Individuen. 
Jena : 8vo, vi & 17G pp., 12 figs, 
“ Fertilisation has no significance, except the union in the single off- 
spring of the hereditary substance from two individuals.” “ The essence 
of fertilisation is neither in tho vitalisation of the egg, nor in the union 
of two opposed polar forces, but rather in the fusion of two hereditary 
tendencies — in the mingling of the peculiarities of two individuals.” 
This is called amphimixis. “ The formation of polar bodies is a process 
for the reduction of the hereditary substance.” “ The previous inter- 
preting of the first polar body as the removal of ovogenetic nucleoplasm 
from the egg must fall to the ground.” “ The number of nuclear rods is 
doubled at the beginning of the reducing process, and must therefore be 
quartered if a diminution to one half of the normal number be the ulti- 
mate necessity.” “ The significance of the original increase of the 
chromatin rods to double their number lies in the attempt to bring about 
as intimate a mixture as possible of the hereditary units of both father 
and mother.” “ The significance of the longitudinal splitting and the 
consequent doubling of their number is an increase in the number of 
possible combinations.” 44 In parthcnogenetic as well as in sexual eggs a 
change may take place in the constitution of the germ-plasma during 
