44 Ech. 
ECHINODERMATA. 
Ludwig (5), under the heading “ Physiology and Oncology of Ilolo- 
thuricms” discusses the following points: — I. Function of single Organs 
and systems of Organs, pp. 383-410. n. Occurrence and Locomotion, 
pp. 410-415. ill. Nocturnal Life, p. 4*15. iv. Food and Foeding, pp. 
41(5-418. v. Reaction to strong Stimuli, pp. 418-422. vi. Life in Cap- 
tivity and Tenacity of Life, pp. 422 & 423. vir. Regeneration, pp. 423 & 
424. yin. Length of Life and rate of Growth, pp. 424 & 425. ix. 
Enemies, p. 425. x. Protective arrangements, p. 426. xi. Abnormali- 
ties, pp. 427 & 428. xii. Parasites, pp. 428-432. The author further 
discusses their Use for Mankind, pp. 433-437. 
Mingazzint describes two species of Gregarines, Cystobia holothurice , 
A. Selin., sp. from Holothuria tubulosa , and C. schneideri , n. sp., inhabit- 
ing Holothuria 'poll and II. impatiens. [Cf. Cuenot (5).] 
Semper suggests that the autotomy of llolothurians may have a definite 
biological importance for the parasitic Entoconcha mirabilis in their body 
cavity, the young of which could become free by producing autotomy 
through internal stimulation. 
V.— DISTRIBUTION. 
A.— GEOGRAPHICAL (FAUNISTIC). 
Arctic Comatulce ; Carpenter (2). 
British Ophiuroids ; Bell (G). — British Echinoidea , complete list ; 
Hoyle. — Cardiff, Echiuodermata ; James, p. 190. — W. Coast of Ireland ; 
Herdman, pp. 201 & 202. — S.W. Coast of Ireland ; Sladen (1). 
W. Greenland, Echinoderms ; Ives (3). 
Bergen, Echinoderm fauna ; Brunciiorst, p. 30. 
Arcachon, Echinoilerm fauna ; Fischer. 
Spain : Arago and a Rosas (various Echinoderms); Lacaze-Dutuiers. 
Azores and Terre-Neuve, Stcllerids ; Perrier (2). 
Madeira, Crinoids ; Carpenter (3). 
New England, Echinodermata ; Fewkes. 
Labrador Coast; Packard, pp. 370 & 371. 
Bahama Is., Echinoderms ; Ives (2). 
Japanese Echinoderms ; Ives (1). 
Ceylon, Echinoderms ; Ludwig (G). 
Indian Archipelago, Comatulids ; Hartlauii (1). 
Indian Ocean and Bay of Bengal (Holothurians) ; Walsii : Echino - 
dermata generally; Wood-Mason & Alcock (1, 2). 
Port Phillip, Antedonidce ; Carpenter (4), 
Cape Horn, Stellerkls ; Perrier (4). 
B.— GEOLOGICAL. 
Lower Cambrian, Olenellus Zone ; Walcott (2). — Cambrian of Sar- 
dinia ; Bornemann.— Cambrian of Acadia ; Matthew. 
Hudson River Group ; Walcott (1). — Lower Niagara Limestone of 
