26 Verm. 
VEEMES. 
Woodworth, W. M. Contributions to the Morphology of the Tur- 
bellaria. 1 . On the Structure of Phagocata gracilis , Leidy. Bull. 
Mus. C. Z. xxi, pp. 1-46, 4 pis. 
Zelinka, C. Studien fiber Raderthiere. hi. Zur Entwieklungsges- 
chichte der Raderthiere nebst Bemerkungen iiber ihre Anatomie und 
Biologie. Z. wiss. Zool. liii, pp. 1-159, Taf. i-vi, 6 woodcuts. 
Anatomical, pp. 2-33. Biological, pp. 33-48. Embryological, pp. 48- 
132. Theoretical, pp. 132-153. 
Zsciiokke, P. (1) Weiterer Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Fauna von 
Gebirgsseen. Zool. Anz. xiv, pp. 119-123 & 126-129. 
. (2) Die Thierwelt der Hochgebirgsseen. Verh. deutsch. Zool. Ges. 
1st Jahresversamml. Leipzig : 1891, pp. 48 & 49. 
Notes on Planaria alpina, &c. 
. (3) Die zweite zoologische Excursion an die Seen des Rhatikon. 
23 Juli bis 15 Aug. 1890. Yerh. Ges. Basel, ix, pp. 425-508. 
. '(4) Die Parasitenfauna von Trutta salar. CB. Bakt. Parasit. x, 
pp. 694-699, 738-745, 792-801, & 829-838. 
II.— FAUNISTIC. 
Braun (5). Frenzel (3). Holt. Imhof (1, 2). Stuiilmann. 
Voeltzkow, Gastrotricha, p. 216; Hirudinea , pp. 223, 224, & 227; 
Nematoda , Oligochceta , pp. 224 & 227; Turbellaria , p. 225. Walcot. 
ZSCHOKKE (1, 2, 3). 
Zschokke (4) lays down the principle that the character of the para- 
sites of an animal reflects the habits of tho animal itself. From a 
consideration of its parasites, author confirms the statement of former 
observers that the Rhine Salmon ( Trutta salar) does not feed during its 
sojourn in the river ; but that when it mounts the river to spawn, it 
fasts. Out of 129 examples from the river, none contained parasites in 
the intestine proper, i.e., below the appendices pyloricae. The parasites 
decrease in number as the fish gets higher up the river. Those worms 
which inhabit closed-off portions of the body of the fish are unaffected by 
the fresh water, e.g., Ascaris capsularis. The best idea of the effect of 
the fresh water on the parasites is to be derived from a consideration of 
Bothriocephalus infundibuliformis , which is a typical parasite of all the 
Salmonidce. It is present in greatest numbers in the Rhine-salmon from 
May-July, when the greatest in-wandering from the sea occurs, and 
the minimum is reached in November and December, i.e., the spawning 
season. In spite of its long stay in the river, the Rhine-salmon does not 
become infected with a single freshwater parasite. All other migrating 
fishes take up greater or less numbers of freshwater parasites. This is 
especially the case with Trutta trutta , which obtains its guests almost 
exclusively in fresh water, although it lives for a long time in the sea. 
