NEMATODA. 
Verm. 45 
Cobb (1) : Anticoma eberthi , Bast., A. acuminata, Eberth., and A. 
leptura , Marion. 
Hamann (1): anatomy of Nemathelminths . 
Hoyer : Leidy(I): Ascaris anoura, Duj. 
Lin stow (1) : Filaria tricuspis , Fedt. 
Moniez (2) : Allantonema rigida , v. Siebold. 
Railliet (4) : Strongylus arnjieldi , Cobbold. 
Stiles (1,2): Mermis crassa, v. Linst. 
See also Leichtenstern, Peroncito (1), and Sonsino (2). 
Synopses, Synonyms. 
Cobb (2) : Dipeltis cirrhatus — ( Enoplus cirrhatus ), Eberth. 
LlNSTOW (1) : Filaria attenuata and F. tricuspis distinct. 
Parona (2) : synopsis of gen. Rictularia , p. 775. 
VoiGt (1) : Heterodera radicicola , Greof, and II. schachtii , Schmidt, 
•distinct. 
Stossicii (2) : Genus Dipharagus. 
Biology, Development. 
Kuhn. Leuckart (2). 
Linstow (2, 3) says Pterostichus niger is the host of the larvae of 
Gordius tolosanus. The beetles get drowned in puddles, and so the larvae 
get into the water. The males are more frequent than females in pro- 
portion of about seven to three. Duration of life is one year. After 
copulation the females twist themselves round thin plant stalks in the 
water and stick on to them the white egg-bands. The first spawning was 
observed on 14th April and the last on 2nd August, and it appears to last 
four weeks for each female. The white egg-masses become brown in 
twenty-four hours. Embryonic development takes up about four weeks. 
The embryos are presumably brought out of the water by Ephemeridce , 
and are ultimately eaten by beetles. Author found larvae of Mermis 
crassa in body-cavity of Chironomus plumosus. 
Moniez (1). 
Strassen says Filaria rigida lives free in body-cavity of Aphodius 
fimetarius. Mouth, intestine, and anus are absent. Nourishes itself by 
endosmosis. Embryonic development takes place in uterus. There are 
two forms of larvae, differing in development of genital organs. One 
begins to form female elements and the other male. The former 
appears, however, never to reach maturity, and is suggested to be a 
degenerate female of no more service in preservation of species, while 
the latter is a protandric hermaphrodite. The larvae at a certain period 
wander through the wall of the intestine of the Aphodius , and so to the 
outer world. Moniez has apparently brought some young Rhabditidce , 
which often occur under the wing-covers, erroneously into a genetic 
relation with the Filaria. 
VlLLOT. ZSCIIOKKE (4). 
