ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, BIOLOGY. Spong. 7 
[Weber, M.] (2) & Weber-van Bosse, A. Quelques nouveaux cas des 
Symbiose. T. c. pp. 48-72, pi. v. 
Weltner, W. Die Susswasserschwamme (Spong Widen) ; in “ Die Tier- 
und Pflanzenwelt des Siisswassers” herausgegeben von Dr. Otto 
Zacharias (Leipzig : 1891), vi, pp. 185-236. 
A complete account of freshwater Sponges. 
Whiteaves, J. F. Contributions to Canadian Palaeontology. Yol. i, 
pt. iii. 5. The Fossils of the Devonian Rocks of the Mackenzie 
River Basin. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Canada (Montreal : 
1891) pp. 197-253, pis. xxvii-xxxii [pp. 20 & 25, infra ] . 
Wilson, H. Y. Notes on the Development of some Sponges. J. Morph, 
v, No. 3 (Dec. 1891), pp. 511-519, 3 woodcuts. 
Wisniowski, T. Mikrofauna aus den Ornaten-Thonen der Umgegend 
von Krakau, ii Theil, Die Spongien des Oberen Callovien in Grojec. 
Bulletin international do 1’Acadcmie des Sciences do Cracovio, Nov., 
1890, pp. 260-264. 
Remains of Lyssalcina, Monactinellida , and Tetractinellida. 
Wood-Mason, J., & Alcock, A. Natural History Notes from H.M. 
Indian Marine Survey Steamer ‘ Investigator,’ Commander R. F. 
Hoskyns, R.N., commanding. No. 21. Ann. N. H. (6) vii, pp. 1-19, 
186-202, & 258-273. 
8 Sponges obtained, 7 Hexadinellids, and 1 Monaxonid , p. 9. 
A . (2) Natural History Notes from H.M. Indian Marino 
Survey Steamer ( Investigator,’ Commander R. F. Hoskyns, R.N., 
commanding. Series ii, No. 1. On the Results of Deep Sea Dredging 
during the Season 1890-91. Op. cit. viii, pp. 16-34, 119-138, 268- 
288, 353-362, & 427-452, pis. vii, viii, & xvii. 
Vorifera , p. 451. Several Hexactinellids from the Andaman Sea and 
Bay of Bengal. 
II.— ANATOMY, EMBRYOLOGY, PHYSIOLOGY, 
BIOLOGY. 
a. Anatomy, Histology, Morphology, and Phylogeny. 
According to Bidder, the supposed pseudoscula of Ascaltis cerebrum 
are true oscula. A many-layered endoderm occurs in Ascetta clathrus. 
The' typical ectoderm of Sponges is composed of onion- shaped gland- 
cells, containing a nucleus and granules, and provided with a usually fine 
duct with expanded ends. Almost the whole ectoderm in Ascetta 
clathrus and blanca , and a great part of it in Ascaltis cerebrum , &c., 
is of this type, which the author thinks may prove the primitive 
Metazoan ectoderm. Cilia do not exist on the ectoderm cells. The 
sheath of the apical ray of gastral spicules is of endodermic origin. 
