2 Moll. 
VII. MOLLUSCA. 
stateliness, only two lieferungen, or 64 pages, have appeared — a snail-like 
rate of progression much to be deplored, since the first parts promise to 
be well out of date ere the end of the work is approached. 
Taylor (345) has issued two more parts of his Monograph of the 
British non-marine Mollusca, and is still engaged with the introductory 
portion. 
M. Cossmann, in the continuation of his Paleontologie Comparee (63), 
begins with a new suborder, Entomotceniata , for Nerinea and its allies, 
which he considers exhibit shell characters indicative of a transition 
between Tectibranchs and Prosobranchs. The other papers by the same 
author also merit tbe attention of students. 
Prof. Verrill (362), in a most important paper, effectually disposes of 
the “ Archi-Mollusc,” and points out that all Mollusca were probably 
derived from free-swimming forms similar to modern veligers and pro- 
veligers, and that each of the great classes, and perhaps some of the 
subclasses, had already become differentiated while still having veliger- 
like forms and modes of life. 
Simroth (305), on the other hand, is disposed to treat the primitive 
Mollusc seriously, and attributes to it an inter-tidal habitat and a liemi- 
pelagic larva. 
Amongst faunistic works attention may be drawn to Crosse’s additions 
(72) to the nou-marine fauna of New Caledonia, and to Quadras & 
Moellendorff’s further description of new Philippine non-marine shells, 
as well as to Gude’s (123) list of Helicoid shells found in the Canary 
Islands. Dall’s “ Insular Land-shell Faunas” (77) contains some highly 
suggestive remarks, founded mainly on a study of the terrestrial fauna 
of the Galapagos Islands. 
A series of most important researches into the life-history and habits 
of the Nautilus have been initiated by Willey (380, 381), of which 
more will be heard another year. 
LOnnberg (193) endeavours to show that Pelseneer’s conclusions con- 
cerning the affinities of Spirula are incorrect, and though we have doubts 
as to his success, his paper will undoubtedly stimulate further research. 
Id fossil Cephalopoda, Click (68) has an important paper on the pro- 
ostracum of the Belemnite , which he shows to be the homologue of the 
gladius in Loligo. Dr. Woodward (390) describes the first-known 
example of a fossil Octopus ; whilst attention may be directed to the 
valuable papers of Artiiaber (9), and Mojsisovics von Mojsvar (221). 
Conularia , long referred by palaeontologists to Pteropoda, mainly 
apparently from doubt as to where else to place it, is claimed by Verrill 
(361, p. 80) as very likely an ancestral form of Dibrancliiate Cephalopod, 
for which he proposes to found a new order Conulariacea. It has been 
shown by Ruedemann (285) to have been attached by its apex. 
For the Pulmonata , Pilsbry (252) proposes a new classification into 
three main divisions, viz., Agnatha, Aulacupoda , and Eolopoda. The 
two latter, the details concerning which are given in the proper place, 
are founded on the presence or absence of the pedal grooves and gland. 
Heciit (132) gives a most valuable summary of what is known con- 
cerning the structure and habits of the Nudihranchiata , with special 
reference to those occurring at Roscoff. 
M. Bernard (21), in two further notes, has set forth the results of his 
researches into the development and morphology of the hinge of Peleey- 
poda. In these he deals with the Taxodonts and the Anisomyaria , in all 
of which the hinge of the prodisoconch begins with a crenulated margin, 
the true teeth developing within this last at a later stage, except in 
Ostrea. The author’s ultimate conclusions have yet to appear. 
Sabba Stefanescu (326), who used his forename after new species to 
prevent confusion with Stefaui, gives a most interesting account of the 
