BIOLOGY. 
Spong. 3 1 
2. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
a. General (39, 49). 
Topsent (49) gives a list of 102 Tetractinellida, Clavulina , and Axi- 
nellida from, the French coast. 23 of these occur on the Atlantic coast 
only, 55 on the Mediterranean coast only, and 24 are common to both 
coasts. >p 
b. Faunistic (1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 
27, 32, 37, 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57). 
Great Britain and Ireland. — Scott (45) mentions a Hymeniacidon 
from Skye. Duerden (14) found a Vioa boring in limestone in Donegal 
Bay. Herdman (19) gives a list of the Sponges of the Irish Sea ; there 
are 58 species in all — 4 Calcarea Ilomoccela , 9 Calcarca Iletcroccela , 2 
Ilexaceratina, 4 Tetractinellida , and 39 Monaxonida. 
Continent of Europe. — Weltner (55) finds Ephydatia in the Tegeler 
See and the Spree, near Berlin ; and Zoller (57) a freshwater Sponge in 
the Althauser Altweiher, in Wurttemberg. 
Atlantic Coast of Continental Europe. — Breitfuss (8) records 10 species 
of Calcarea from East Spitzbergen. Marshall (32) mentions 8 species 
of Silicea from the German coast. Brandt (7) states that Ilalisarca 
has entered the new Kaiser Wilhelm Canal, and now occurs there on 
muddy parts of the bottom. Fauvel (16) found 3 species of Sponges 
near St. Yaast La Hogue. Topsent (48) records 45 species of Silicea 
from the Atlantic coast of France. Topsent (50) describes 5 species of 
Hexactinellida, 2 species of Tetractinellida , and 16 species of Monaxonida 
from the Gulf of Gascoigne (Baj 1, of Biscay). 
Mediterranean. — Pruvot (40) gives an account of the fauna of Banyuls 
(Gulf of Lyon). Between tide-marks and a depth of 27 m., 19 species ; 
between 27 m. and 91 m., 12 species ; and below 91 m., 8 species of 
Sponges occur there. A good map, showing many localities of Sponge 
species, accompanies the paper. Topsent (49) records 79 species of 
Sponges from the Mediterranean coast of France generally, and mentions 
the occurrence of 36 species on the coast of Provence. Marshall (32) 
states that at Corfu a red species of Vioa is so numerous between tide- 
marks, that it produces — viewed at low tide from a distance — the appear- 
ance of a red band running along the shore-line. 
Atlantic. — Topsent (51) describes 2 new Esperellidcc from the Ac^ores. 
Lambe (27) records 4 species of Calcarea , 1 species of Tetractinellida , 
8 species of Clavulina , and 17 species of Cornacuspongicc , in all 30 Sponges 
from the Atlantic coast of Canada. Allen (1) states that 6 varieties of 
bath Sponges ( Euspongia and Hippospongia ) occur on the coast of 
Florida and in the Bahamas, in depths of 3-6 fathoms. 
Continent of Asia. — Soukatsciioff (48) found 4 species of Lubomirskia 
in the Baikal Lake. 
Northern Pacific. — Ijima (22) describes 7 species of Hexactinellids 
from Sagami Bay, Japan. 
Indian Ocean. — F. E, Schulze describes 26 species of Hexactinellids 
from the Indian Ocean. 
Australian Region. — Breitfuss (9) describes 6 species of Calcarea ; 
and Kieschnick (24) 17 species of Tetractinellida, 2 species of Lithistida , 
and 32 species of Monaxonida , from Ternate (Moluccas). Breitfuss (10) 
describes 1 Calcareous Sponge from Ambon. Kirk (25) describes 3 
species of Calcarca Ilomoccela from. New Zealand. Traxleii (52) 
describes 3 species of “ subfossil ” Spongillids from Australia ; and (53) 
1 — a recent one — from New Zealand. 
1896. [VOL. XXXIII.] G 3 
