GLACIAL EPOCH UPON THE EARLY HISTORY OP MANKIND. 63 
The disturbing influence of the Glacial Epoch is specially to 
be noted in the destruction of animal species, which in some 
way took place in connection with it, including, apparently, 
that of a large portion of mankind. At the close of the 
Tertiary Period “ the great Irish elk, the machairodus and cave 
lion, the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and elephant” roamed over 
Europe, and “ equally large felines, horses and tapirs, larger 
than any now living, a llama as large as a camel, great 
mastodons and elephants and abundance of great megatheroid 
animals of almost equal size ” were abundant in North America, 
“ while in South America these same megatheroids in great 
variety, numerous huge armadillos, a mastodon, large horses 
and tapirs, large porcupines, two forms of antelopes, numerous 
bears and felines, including a machairodus and a large monkey,” 
flourished. But all of these have become “ extinct since the 
deposition of the most recent of the fossil-bearing strata,”* 
and their destruction can be very clearly traced to the vicissi- 
tudes of the Glacial Ep>och. 
In the glaciated regions the bones of all these northern 
species are found in abundance in the gravel and loess deposits 
connected with the closing scenes of the epoch, or in the bogs 
where the animals had been mired in the early part of the 
post-Glacial Period. That man shared in this destruction 
throughout North America and Europe is rendered altogether 
probable by the way in which his remains are associated with 
those of these extinct animals. These have been found in 
connection with the bones of one or more of the above- 
mentioned animals deeply buried in undisturbed beds of loess 
in definite relations to certain stages of the glacial recession at 
Omaha, Nebraska, Lansing, Kansas, and Kiev, Russia. They 
have been found in similar connection with the bones of these 
extinct animals in various gravel deposits of glacial origin in 
the United States (notably at Trenton, New Jersey) and in 
similar deposits, doubtless of the same age, in Northern France 
and Southern England, while a similar connection between these 
extinct animals and man is shown by still more abundant 
evidence in the results yielded by the excavations of numerous 
pre-historic cave dwellings in North-Western Europe. 
At this point it will be profitable to turn our attention to the 
process by which this great destruction of man and his post- 
Tertiary animals was secured. Evidently the destruction was 
brought about largely as a result of the disturbance of conditions 
* Alfred Russell Wallace, Geological Distribution of Animals. 
