KEY. D. GATH WHITLEY, PRIMEVAL MAN TN BELGIUM. 31 
gnawed by them, showing that the cavern was a hyaenas’ den. 
A human jaw, of a strange character, lay with the hones.* * * § It 
was declared to be of a brutal form, and almost ape-like in its 
peculiarities. M. Hamy, however, has proved that this was a 
mistake, and that it is merely an abnormal member of a series 
of human jaws. He also has shownf that it resembles the jaws 
of many Melanesians now living, so the idea that its possessor was 
in any way ape-like, must be abandoned. In Lc Trou Magnte, 
a cavern in the valley of the Lesse, there lay amongst the bones 
of the Mammoth, reindeer, hyiena, and rhinoceros, a part of a 
small human figure carved in reindeer horn, apparently 
representing a woman. Near it was found a portion of a 
sceptre of reindeer horn, ornamented with lines and dots, and 
some fragments of pottery. This last discovery shows that 
many geologists have fallen into serious error, when they have 
maintained the Primeval Man in the Palaeolithic Age was 
ignorant of pottery. The fact is that pottery has now been 
found in many caverns of the Palaeolithic Period, both in 
France and in Belgium, although in England none has as yet been 
found. M. Fraipont gives a list of the caves in Belgium 
belonging to the earliest or Mammoth Age* in which pottery 
has been discovered, specially mentioning the caves of Spy, 
Engis, and Le Petit Modave. This assumed ignorance of pottery 
by Primeval Man is, therefore, one of those errors which must 
be abandoned. 
We may now ask, “ What kind of men were they who 
hunted the elephant and rhinoceros, lighted their fires, and 
made their repasts in the caverns amongst the cliffs over- 
hanging the Belgian rivers ” ? The first reply to this question 
is furnished by the Engis skull. This remarkable relic was 
discovered by Dr. Schmerling about seventy years ago, in one 
of the Engis caverns in the valley of the Meuse, not far from 
Li4ge. It" lay amidst the bones of the bear, hyaena, elephant, 
and" rhinoceros, in a bed of loam and pebbles, which was formed 
at the same time as the oldest deposits in the caves of Naulette 
and Goyet. Its immense age is undoubted, and Dr. Martin 
Duncan has declared § that it and the Naulette jaw were the 
oldest human remains in Europe at the time he wrote. The 
* Some teeth and two human bones were found with the jaw. 
+ Precis de Paldontologic Humaine, pp. 233, 234. 
X R&vue <1 Anthropologic, Juillet, 1887. 
§ The Student, vol. iv, p. 259. 
