88 COLONEL T. HOLBEIN HENDLEY, C.I.E., ON RESEMBLANCES 
ness. The connection between disease and sin, and the general 
belief in that view are, perhaps, more exactly expressed in the 
case of the blind man in St. John’s Gospel. The disciples 
asked Jesus, saying, “ Master, who did sin, this man, or his 
parents, that he was born blind ? ” Hindus believe, as I have 
already observed, that disease is usually the result of sin in the 
sufferer or in his parents, or again in the individual in a 
previous birth — so that we have ideas of personal wickedness, 
of heredity, and of transmigration of bodily as well as of 
mental defects. The practical result is the same. The priest 
comes before the physician. As priest he must endeavour to 
propitiate an injured deity by charms and ceremonies, in the 
hope that he will heal the patient, thus showing his forgiveness 
of him. If these measures fail, it may then be considered that 
the disorder may not be wholly due to sin, in which case the 
physician may at last prove useful. Even while he is treating 
the case his efforts are likely to be frustrated by the inter- 
vention of the priest. 
The Mosaic laws regarding disease and its treatment point 
to the priest taking the first, if not the only, place in the 
treatment of disease. 
The New Testament seems to give some place to the more 
modern conception of the use of a physician, although the 
Apocrypha in Ecclesiasticus shows that in earlier times he was 
held in some honour, and that his medicines were valued. It 
will be remembered that the Asclepiads, the descendants of 
Asklepios ( JEsculapius ) the Greek God of medicine, were priests 
as well as physicians, and amongst them was Hippocrates, the 
father of medicine himself. 
The cities of refuge for him who killed his neighbour 
ignorantly were of great importance in Jewish times, and 
similar places to which men might flee for protection under 
analogous circumstances, were provided by the Church in 
Europe in lawless times. The Broad Sanctuary in West- 
minster is a reminder that here in London the need and 
remedy remained until quite recent times. There are certain 
holy places, such, for instance, as the tomb of the Persian 
saint, Imam Reza, at Meshed and its vicinity, where sanctuary 
is still afforded in Mohamedan countries. In India, in 
Eajputana, and in Malwa every noble claimed and, until 
recently exercised the right of sirna or sanctuary, and it was 
much needed in many cases, for blood feuds were common, and 
the avenger was often on the track of the homicide. Amongst 
the Afghans or the Pathans of Kabul and the Panjab, however. 
