108 C. DILLWORTH FOX, ON THE GLACIERS, PAST AND PRESENT, 
gorge of the Clarence, while a third minor fault goes from the 
mouth of the Clarence on the south side of the range in the 
direction of the Hanmer River. These can clearly be followed 
for many miles, both by surface indications of displacement — 
miles of tumbled earth in a straight line — which in recent 
times have marked the “ road of the earthquakes,” and also by 
the numerous geological sections to be obtained along the course 
of the various small rivers draining from the mountains, which 
show that enormous vertical displacement has taken place. 
Mr. McKay thinks the whole mass of the Kaikouras was raised 
to the present height from a moderately elevated plateau since 
the commencement of Pliocene times ; and points out that the 
general direction of the northernmost of these two faults (they 
apparently cross at Hanmer Plains where are hot springs, and 
where the seismic disturbances were at their worst a few years 
ago) would touch the curious succession of glacial lakes all 
following one another in a direct line — Sumner, Pearson, 
Coleridge, Tekapo, Pukaki, Ohau, Hawea, Wanaka, Wakatipu. 
The country has not as yet been geologically surveyed in detail, 
except in portions, but traces of the fault have been recognised 
in many places. Those who have gone overland from Christ- 
church to Hokitika will doubtless remember the great mass of 
Mount Torlesse which has been pushed up through the white 
limestone rocks at Castle Hill. Further south, the fault may 
be seen crossing the Rangitata at Mesopotamia, and following 
Forrest Creek to Fox Peak in the Two Thumbs Range. On 
Simons Hill, south-east of Lake Pukaki, the glacial clay is 
found 500 feet and more above the plain, as shown by the 
sheep licks — I mentioned before how fond stock are of this 
clay, said to contain some form of magnesium — then again at 
the Ohau, in the elevation of Ben More, and perhaps between 
Ben Lomond and the Remarkables at Queenstown on Lake 
Wakatipu. 
The third great fault in this island runs nearly north and 
south from Te Wae Wae Bay in the south west, following the 
course of the Waiau River, through the length of Lake Te 
Anau, and down Lake McKerrow to Martin’s Bay (Hutton). 
The whole country to the west of this line is a tangled mass of 
mountains, so steep and broken as to be very difficult of access, 
and is densely covered with vegetation, owing doubtless to the 
excessive rainfall, which averages an inch a day at Puysegur 
Point. The soundings in Lakes Te Anau and Manapouri show 
them to be of great depth ; while the well-known West 
Coast Sounds, which have been so graphically described by 
