154 PROF. E. HULL, ON THE SPREAD OF EXISTING ANIMALS 
region east and south of the Black Sea including Asia Minor. 
It is remarkable that while its companion, the red deer, has 
survived in the mountains of Killarney (owing probably to 
careful protection) yet the roedeer is absent from Ireland ; but 
with the red deer it ranges through the Highlands of Scotland, 
and by itself is found amongst the woods and plantations of 
the lowlands as far as the Scottish borders. I myself have met 
with a small herd in the woods south of the Clyde — and there 
are many districts in England where if introduced the roedeer 
would find excellent cover. The red and fallow varieties 
appear to be in greater favour with landowners for stocking the 
parks of England, than is the roe. 
The Hippopotamus . — It need not be said, that this huge 
amphibious mammal is extinct in Europe, although its remains 
have been found in England, as far north as Yorkshire. The 
migration of this unwieldy pachyderm, which is so much 
bound to a semi-aquatic life along the banks of lakes and 
rivers, is a problem not easy to solve. Assuming its origin to 
be in Western Asia, and its geological age to be the Miocene, it 
becomes clear that the physical conditions of the European 
area must have been widely different from those of the present 
day in order that the “ hippo ” might find waterway over this 
vast extent of country. But we also know that the conditions 
were very different in the Miocene age — during which 
mountains such as the Bigi, were lake basins, and extensive 
lakes existed in Central Europe, while the Mediterranean area 
in all probability furnished a chain of freshwater lakes, as was 
certainly the case at a later period. Once he became an 
inhabitant of a large lake or river the “hippo” would prove 
difficult to dislodge— and could maintain an equal contest with 
savage man owing to his skin-armour and his aquatic habits. 
Scharff in his map (Fig. 26) indicates the presence of remains 
of the “ hippo ” in the border of Portugal north of the Tagus, 
and in Algeria. His figure of the animal standing with open 
jaws and formidable teeth, is very effective. 
The Reindeer ( Tarandus rangifer ). — Nature has destined this 
animal to a life midst frost and snow, and it is, therefore, no 
wonder that its picture gives the impression of a cow with 
antlers — rather than that of a cousin to the noble stag, or the 
American Woodland Caribou.* Its present range is restricted 
* The Caribou of Canada, consisting of two species which never inter- 
mingle though inhabiting part of the year the same regions, is classed by 
Lydekker with the reindeer, genus Rangiber. Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 373. 
