158 PROF. E. HULL, ON THE SPREAD OF EXISTING ANIMALS 
Witzen of Amsterdam in 1694, who described the remains of 
the animal under the name of “ mammoth,” afterwards by Arab 
change of pronunciation, becoming the behemoth of the Book 
of Job, in the language of the Old Testament. In my reply to 
Sir Henry Howorth’s work, entitled Ice or Water, I hope I have 
succeeded in proving that the Glacial epoch was a reality, and 
its occurrence may well have contributed to the disappearance 
of the mammoth from the northern regions. 
Part Ah 
Iceland . — A very interesting part of Dr. Scharffs book is his 
account of the fauna and flora of Iceland. He strongly 
maintains that Iceland was connected by land with Scotland 
by way of the Faroes, Shetland, and Orkney Islands, and that 
by this causeway the plants and animals migrated from one 
region to the other. Our late colleague, the Bev. I)r. Walker, 
who had a very wide acquaintance with the animals, especially 
the insects, of Iceland, maintained this view ; and when engaged 
in tracing out the iso-bathic contours of this part of the 
Atlantic, I was able to determine the southern margin of the 
causeway with approximate accuracy, having been bordered by 
the Atlantic on the south and the Arctic Ocean on the north. 
The animals of Iceland include the reindeer, supposed to have 
been introduced by man, the Arctic fox, and the field mouse, 
which is one of the most widely spread mammals of Europe 
and the British Isles. There are twenty-one different kinds of 
land and fresh-water molluscs, including Arianta arbustorum, 
which ranges over Central Europe, Scandinavia, the British 
Isles, and Iceland,* but a former connection with Greenland is 
indicated by several common species, such as Succinea Groen- 
landica, which is common in both countries, yet is unknown in 
Eu rope, f 
It is remarkable that while there are no fewer than thirty- 
three species of moths in Iceland there are no butterflies, which 
may be due to the long absence of sunshine in a country lying 
along the Arctic circle. The flora of Iceland, though not 
abundant, supports the view of the former land connection 
with Europe and Greenland. 
Conclusion. — I hope I have now succeeded in showing from 
the above short references what a large fund of interesting 
information concerning the dispersal of the animals of Europe 
* Scharff : Ibid., p. 65, Fig. 21. 
+ Ibid., p. 66, Fig. 22. 
