ULTRAM0NTAN1SM FROM AN HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW. 171 
resisted as an individual ; he submitted as a priest. He subsided 
into private life and never performed priestly functions again. 
Without him the resistance became insignificant, as far as 
numbers were concerned. A few priests and laymen in Switzer- 
land, Germany, and Austria, resolved that they would organize 
for religious worship, for the baptism of their children, for the 
religious solemnization of matrimony, and for the burial of their 
dead. But their numbers did not amount to more than 50,000 
in Germany, about the same number in Switzerland, and 20,000 
in Austria. In France ouly one single priest, the celebrated 
preacher Pere Hyacintlie, dared to resist, and one single congre- 
gation in Paris alone survives to this day. The French tempera- 
ment, more vivacious than qualified to maintain an uphill fight, 
may have been one cause for this. But a far more serious one 
was that there was war between France and Germany at the time, 
and that the leaders of the opposition to the Council were German 
theologians. A few congregations were formed later on in Italy, 
under the leadership of Count Campello, a former canon of 
St. Peter’s at Pome. But the work was feebly prosecuted and 
ultimately died out. 
The question how the new body was to be provided with a 
canonical Episcopate, when all the dissentient Bishops eventually 
submitted to the decrees, except Strossmayer, and when he was 
disinclined to offer overt resistance, was settled in a singular 
way. There was in Holland a small and dwindling body which 
called itself the Old Catholic Church of Holland. This had 
subsisted for two centuries in consequence of a quarrel with the 
Pope, which had ended in his launching an excommunication at 
the recalcitrant Bishops and in their determination to offer 
organised resistance to what they conceived to be the unjust 
action of his Holiness. The whole story is full of interest, but 
it must not detain us now.* It is sufficient to say that the 
Dutch Old Catholic Bishops threw themselves heartily into 
the resistance to the Pope’s pretensions, and one of them came 
over to Munich to confirm the children of those who had 
been excommunicated in consequence of their refusal to accept 
the new dogma. He was received with enthusiasm, and 
eventually John Hubert Keinkens was elected by the dissentient 
clergy and laity first Old Catholic Bishop for Germany. He 
was consecrated by Dr. Heykamp, Old Catholic Bishop of 
Deventer at Cologne, on June 4th, 1873, amid general delight. 
* It will be found in Von Schulte’s History of the Old Catholic 
Movement , and in Miss Scarth’s brief sketch of it. 
