176 REV. CHANCELLOR J. J. LIAS, M.A., ON THE DECAY OF 
since 1700, refused to alter either doctrine or practice in any 
way, and the Roman Mass, and even the prayer for the Pope, 
are still retained in its Liturgy. The first parish formed in the 
Roman Catholic Cantons in Switzerland was formed at Lucerne 
in or about 1884, and after a desperate struggle to obtain a 
Church from Government to worship in, which lasted about ten 
years, the Old Catholics and the Anglican Church in America 
combined to build a Church for themselves, where they still 
worship together. No further steps, however, have been taken 
in the Catholic Cantons. In 1890 the “pact of Utrecht” to 
which I have already alluded, was formed, bringing the five Old 
Catholic Bishops into close and constant connection. This was 
much lamented by the friends of the movement in this country 
and America, and was doubtless one reason of the coolness 
which has sprung up between the Anglican and Old Catholic 
Churches. The Dutch Old Catholic Church was possessed with 
a strong prejudice against us Anglicans, which in 1894 displayed 
itself in an attack on the validity of our Orders, published when 
some Anglican clergy were their guests at a Congress held at 
Rotterdam. This attack was at once energetically repudiated 
by Bishop Reinkens and Professor Friedrich. But the mischief 
done lias never been repaired. It threw many Anglicans who 
were well disposed to the movement into the arms of those who 
had energetically protested against it from the beginning. Yet 
it is impossible to see how the Old Catholics could have done 
otherwise. It was impossible for either the German or the 
Swiss Bishop to repudiate the body from which they had 
obtained their succession. And as separation was thus felt to 
be impossible, closer union was inevitable, let the consequences 
be what they might. And after all, the closer union has been 
found to cut two ways. A visitor to the Congress at the Hague 
in September, 1907, could not fail to perceive how far the Dutch 
body had progressed in a liberal direction since 1894. And as a 
proof thereof it may lie stated that a version of the Liturgy in 
Dutch lias been prepared by authority, and may at any moment 
be formally adopted. 
The literary result of the movement has been altogether out 
of proportion to its numbers. Yon Schulte’s monumental work 
on the Old Catholic movement, the great work of Dollinger and 
Reused on the Jesuits, Langen’s history of the Roman Church, 
Michaud’s learned researches into the history of France in the 
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, are known to all scholars. 
The Dcutscher Merkur, a newspaper published at Bonn, has been 
a great help to the struggling communion. The weekly organs 
