ULTRAMONTANISM FROM AN HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW. 177 
of the movement are able and well conducted. And the 
establishment in 1892 of the Revue Internationale de 'Rheologic, 
which has appeared quarterly ever since that date, and which 
has contained articles in German, French, and English by 
members of the Old Catholic, “ Orthodox,” and English Churches, 
has at least maintained the character of the movement for 
intellect and learning. Nor should the historian of the move- 
ment omit to mention the Congresses which have been held 
biennially or triennially since 1892. The first Congress held 
at Lucerne was in many ways a notable gathering. I cannot 
now enter into particulars. But if the succeeding Congresses 
have been far less remarkable and epoch-making, and if we 
Englishmen have unfortunately been chiefly conspicuous in our 
absence from them, they have undoubtedly been among the 
most effective means of keeping the Old Catholic Churches 
together, and in being. Their numbers have not grown to any 
very great extent save in Austria, where the Los Von Rom 
movement, erroneously supposed to have been a purely political 
movement, has largely augmented, and is still largely augmenting, 
the numbers both of Protestants and Old Catholics. Under its 
auspices, Old Catholicism has extended to Bohemia, Styria and 
the Tyrol. In Germany and Switzerland the Old Catholics 
have unquestionably at least repaired the losses I have men- 
tioned above, if they have done no more.* But the Hague 
Congress of 1907 showed signs of expansion in very remarkable 
and unexpected ways. The unrest and dissatisfaction which 
permeates the Eoman Church from one end of the world to 
the other, broke out a few years ago between the Polish 
Catholics and their Irish Bishops at Chicago. The Old Catholics 
were appealed to, and they consecrated a Bishop for the Poles, 
who were supposed to number about 40,000. The Bishop 
died in 1907. His flock at once appealed to the Old Catholics 
to consecrate another Bishop. Dissensions had broken out 
among the adherents of the first Bishop. But it was announced 
at the Hague that both parties had united to elect Franz 
Hodur in his stead, and he was accordingly consecrated in 
Holland last October. A considerable number of dissatisfied 
Czechs in America also sent a Bishop elect to the Congress, but 
it was decided not to consecrate him at present, but to authorize 
Bishop Hodur to perform for these dissentients any episcopal 
acts that might be necessary. The representative of some 
* Congregations were formed for the first time at Stuttgart in 1907, 
and at Lausanne in February, 1908. 
