ULTRAMONTANISM FROM AN HISTORICAL POINT OF VIEW. 187 
■of conversions may not yet be very great, although, as a matter of fact, it 
is difficult to ascertain exactly on what scale they have taken place. It is 
known, however, that the movement has been making steady progress, 
and that it is intimately associated with the German Nationalist or Pan- 
Germanic agitation. Its significance does not consist in the actual 
number of proselytes. The mere fact that such an agitation should have 
made its appearance at all in Catholic Austria is a novel and profoundly 
interesting feature in the development of the great crisis through which 
this country is now passing.” 
Colonel Mackinlay’s views regarding the position and prospects 
of the Spanish Reformed Church under the direction of Bishop 
Cabrera will doubtless be received with great respect, as they are the 
result of personal observation, though probably not very recent. 
He thinks the Spanish people resent the formation of an episcopal 
church in their midst as an intrusion. But the bishop of this 
reformed church was careful not to give any cause of offence, as he 
did not assume any territorial title, such as did the bishops 
appointed by the Pope, when on the advice of Cardinal Wiseman 
he nominated the present Roman Catholic hierarchy of this country. 
It may be questioned whether any form of pure Christianity, other 
than the episcopal, would have been understood by the people of 
Spain and Portugal. Certainly it would not have contained the 
elements of strength and solidity such as are afforded by the 
episcopal form of church government where there is a recognised 
head and centre of appeal in a large and wide tract of country. 
The Episcopal Church of Spain and Portugal is thoroughly 
evangelical in doctrine, and its progress in the short period may be 
judged by the following statistics taken from Light and Truth for 
January, 1908 : — 
“In Spain there are ten churches or chapels, one Bishop, and 
eleven ministers. 
In Portugal — ten churches and ten ministers. 
There is an institution for training candidates for the ministry, 
presided over by Rev. J. S. Figueiredo. Mission services are held 
in a large number of towns and villages. 
There are twenty schools in charge of forty teachers, and there 
are twelve licensed preachers. More than 2,000 children attend 
the schools, and all this work has had to be carried on in the face 
of opposition and persecution, and within a period which we can 
all recollect.” There is, however, plenty of room for the work 
