THE AMERICAN FAUNA AND ITS ORIGIN. 
211 
In Primates, twelve genera allied to the Lemuridse were 
found in the Lower Eocene of Wyoming, an altogether Old 
World living family, while the Miocene of North America 
and the Quaternary of the Brazilian caves contain remains 
of true monkeys but still of the American type, that is, 
Platarrhine, so that no Catarrhine monkey appears in either 
the fossil or the living fauna of America. This is very note- 
worthy, and has led to the conclusion by some that the 
monkeys of America have had a separate western origin. 
Both in the Brazilian cave deposits and in the Miocene of 
America, species of the order Cheiroptera have been found 
quite like recent European species, our common bats. 
Of Insectivorse in the Post Pliocene a single tooth has been 
found, but in the Upper Miocene of Dakota there are two 
genera, Lcpictis and Ido'ps, while in the Miocene of Colorado, 
Cope discovered four genera and in the Eocene of Wyoming, 
two others. 
The fossil Carnivora of America indicate a former greater 
abundance of carnivores there than at present. In the 
Quaternary deposits of Texas there are two species of Felis 
as large as lions, four species of Canis larger than wolves, two 
bears and some extinct genera ; and in the Brazilian caves 
there have been found five species of Felis, the remarkable 
Machairodus, or sabre-toothed tiger, which inhabited our 
Devonshire caverns, besides species of the families Canidse, 
Mustelidie, Procyonidae, and Ursidse. From the Miocene of 
Dakota, too, the bones of Machairodus have been obtained, and 
from the Miocene of Colorado and Dakota four species of Canis 
and three species of Hyccnodon, an extinct genus that is a 
noteworthy illustration of generalised forms since it was allied 
not only to hyaenas, but also to wolves, cats, and weasels. In 
the older Eocene beds of Wyoming and New Mexico, twelve 
genera of the order Carnivora have been found, six or seven of 
them allied to Hyccnodon. 
The greater approximation of the past fauna of America to 
that of the Old World is, however, most conspicuously shown 
by the great order Ungulata. As is well known all the present 
horses of America are descended from progenitors introduced 
into that continent since the Spanish conquest of Peru, and 
that the family Equidse is not represented by any living 
indigenous American species. Yet the fossil remains of horses 
in the Western Continent are abundant, demonstrating that 
they once flourished in America and became extinct there 
before the recent period. From the Post Pliocene of North 
