244 F. W. CHRISTIAN, B.A., ON THK EVIDENCE OF MALAY, JAVANESE, 
out upon the Pacific main. It was this growing pressure from 
behind, which forced bands of Malays of varying degrees of 
civilisation eastward and still further eastward from Java and 
Celebes, Bourn and the South Philippines, Timor and the Moluccas, 
to launch out in search of new homes upon the trackless deep. 
In 1475 the Hindu Empire of Java, after lasting about a thousand 
years, was finally overthrown at the great battle of Mataram in 
one of the western provinces of the island. 
The scene where the events of the story of the adventurous 
Hindu-Malay Columbus commences is laid in Middle and Western 
Java about half way between these two notable historical events, 
the sacking of Somnauth by Mahomet of Ghizni and the battle of 
Mataram, the Javanese Senlac or Hastings, whilst the cloud of 
Mohammedan invasion was beginning to lower darkly and 
menacingly over Northern Java; where the Arabs, |taking advantage 
of civil war and tribal dissension in the Sunda provinces of the 
north, had already raised the green banner and the Crescent, and 
the cry The Karan and Peace, or the Sword of War ! About this 
time King John was wrangling with his barons, and the foundation 
of our British Parliament was being laid at Runnymede. Spain, 
rising like a Phoenix out of her ashes from under the heel of her 
Moorish conquerors, had just broken the Moslem yoke of the 
Almohades at the great battle of Tolosa, where, on that memorable 
midsummer day of 1212, the combined forces of Castile, Leon, 
Navarre, Aragon, and Portugal inflicted one of the most terrible 
defeats ever suffered by the Crescent at the hands of the Warriors 
of the Cross ; — rich earnest of future bloodstained laurels yet to be 
won in harmless Holland, in savage Mexico, and in peaceful Peru 
under her mild Inca rulers, whose dynasty was as yet in the 
moulding and the modelling, as wax in the hand of the Almighty, 
whose founder was soon to spread sail and speed across the blue 
Pacific, a Javanese Columbus, inspired by the voice of a seer, by 
the counsels of brave adventurous warriors, piloted by God’s 
messengers, the birds in their migration, guided by the hand of 
Heaven. 
The south-west group of Polynesian tongues including Samoa, 
Fiji, and Tonga, has drawn a large proportion of words from 
Malagasy-Malay sea-rivers from the south, and of Javanese- 
Philippine Malay from the north, with a touch of Arab corsair 
admixture. 
A careful examination of the chief language of Samoa, 
stamps it as partly Javanese-Malay* in origin, and therefore of 
Aryan type and partly Arabic and Persian. 
* The Fijian aristocracy was Javanese-Malay in origin. Cf. Ratu, a 
prince, Rani, a queen. Javanese Ratu, a chief ; Sanskrit, Rani, a queen. 
