32 Gen. Sub. 
GENERAL SUBJECTS. 
*Filaohow, J. E. De la parth<5nog6nese. Paris: Pedone Lauriel, 12mo, 
78 pp. 
°Fischer, E. Ueber die Drehuugsgesetze beim Wachsthum thierischer 
Organismen. Tag. Deut. Nat. Yers. pp. 139 & 140. Strassburg : 
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Fredericq, L^on. Les mutilations spontandes ou Pautotomie. Rev. 
Sci. xxxviii, (20) pp. 613-620. (Cf. Hallez, P. Bull. Sci. Nord. iv, 
pp. 342-344.) 
Frenzel, J. Idioplasma und Kernsubstanz. Arch. mikr. Anat. xxvii, 
pp. 73-128. 
Discussion of nature of sexual and asexual reproduction. Real male 
substance confined to nucleus, without denying as yet that the associated 
protoplasm may be of importance. 
Gaule, J. Bedeutung der Cytozoen. Biol. Centralbl. vi, pp. 345-351. 
The Cytozoon is the fundamental element ; the formation of embryonic 
layers, and the differentiation of sex are explicable in terms of cytozoon 
modifications. 
Geddes, P. Art. Sex. Encycl. Brit, xxi, pp. 720-724. 
Interpretation of phenomena in terms of protoplasmic metabolism. 
The male sex is preponderatingly katabolic ; the female anabolic. Dis- 
cussion of origin, evolution, determination, &c., of sex. 
. Theory of Growth, Reproduction, Sex, and Heredity. P. R. Soc. 
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Phenomena of reproduction, &c., rationalised in terms of anabolism 
and katabolism of protoplasm. Inductive evidence to show that the 
female sex is in origin, structure, and function, the outcome of prepon- 
derant anabolism, and the male of equally emphatic katabolism. Deduc- 
tive verification of this conclusion. JE.g., “ In determination of sex, 
influences inducing katabolism tend to result in production of males, as 
those favouring anabolism similarly to increase the probability of 
females.’’ “ Evolution of fertilisation from almost mechanical flowing 
together of exhausted cells, as illustrated in plasmodia, through surviving 
cases of multiple conjugation to the normal process.” 
Gruber, A, Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Physiologie und Biologie der 
Protozoen. Ber. Freiburg Ges. i (1886), heft. 2 ; transl. Ann. N. H. 
xvii,pp. 473-494. 
Spontaneous division occurs at optimum of growth, or in rapid succes- 
sion with diminution of size in unfavourable conditions (in both cases 
associated with the preponderance of katabolism). “ Conjugation 
brings about nuclear intermixture from both sides, and the nucleoli also 
copulate.” 
Hallez, P. Loi de l’orientation de l’embryon chez les Insectes. • C.R. 
ciii, pp. 606-608. 
Orientation of ovum identical with that of embryo. 
^Hensel, T. Das Leben. i. Die Fortdauer der Urzougung. Cristiania : 
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