MORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL. Gen. Sub> 39 
Pancreas : threefold rudiment of pancreas in Teleosteans, Amphibians, 
Birds, and Mammals ; StOiir (491). 
Pancreas, development of : three rudiments in salmon-trout, four in 
sturgeon (v. Kupffer), three at least in Amphibians, three in chick 
(Felix), two in at least some Mammals. The fourfold origin is probably 
primitive: Goeppert (193). 
4. Physiological. 
General Dubois (139), Huxley (265), Burdon-Sandkrson (449). 
— Biological economy of organisms in its relations to morphology 
Whitman (544). 
Comparative pathology of Inflammation : — Traces the development of 
phagocytic functions from the Protozoa upwards ; Metschnikoff (346). 
Anaerobic functioning of animal tissues ; Gautier (180). 
Carnot’s principle and animal and vegetable life. An often stated 
difficulty in regard to the application of Carnot’s principle to organisms 
is due to an oversight, which is explained by the author ; Parker, J. 
(388). 
Equilibrating organs; Grutzner (192), Lee (310). 
Role of electricity in vital phenomena ; Solvay (480). — Magnetism in 
plants and animals ; Allara (2). 
Blood corpuscles of Invertebrates ; Knoll (290). 
Auditory organs : — In Molluscs and Crustaceans, otocysts combine the 
two functions of hearing and orientation ; those in Vertebrates are, 
according to the author, for hearing only. The sense of orientation is a 
complex physiological resultant in which various sensory organs besides 
otocysts may concur ; B^raneck (36). — Physiology of auditory labyrinth. 
Otolithic organs of both Vertebrates and Invertebrates have to do with 
sensations of position and movement; Kreidl (302, 303). — Functions of 
tentaculocysts, otocysts, auditory sacs ; Hurst (261). — Otolith organ in 
connection with geotropic functions of Crayfish ; Bunting (82). — 
Equilibrium in Fishes ; Lee (310). 
Luminous organs, facetted eyes, vision of deep-sea Schizopods ; Chun 
( 100 ). 
Physiology of stomach in Batrachians and Mammals ; Contejean 
(105). 
Digestive processes in Arachnids ; Bernard (38). — Digestion in 
Echinoderma ; Ciiapeaux (95). — Digestion in Qcelentera. Digestion of 
Siphonophora exclusively intra-cellular. In Actinia , there are digestive 
fluids disassociating albuminoid bodies, very slowly peptonising them, i 
and emulsifying fats. The intra-cellular digestion peptonises, saponifies 
fats, dissolves starch. The final digestion is within the phagocytes ; 
Chapeaux (94, 96). — Digestive ferments of Pelomyxa ; Hartog & 
Dixon (216). 
The process of cellular excretion ; van Gehuchten (181). 
