EVOLUTION. 
Gen. Sub. 53 
(determinants) existing in the germ, leading to a fission which is prior to 
that by which normal development is commenced. Superfluity of germ- 
plasm supposed to be due to faulty segmentation of the polar bodies, to 
faulty segmentation in spermatogenesis, or to polyspermy. Excess of 
growth without superfluity of parts depends upon different causes from 
those which produce double monstrosity • Windle (551). 
9. Evolution. 
a. General Subject. 
Herbert Spencer and Evolution-Philosophy ; Bager-Sjogren (13). 
Darwin and Hegel ; Ritchie (424). 
Useful summary of recent setiological theories ; Keeler (277). 
The law of periodicity in evolution ; Heckel (222). 
Delboeuf’s law ; Baron (27). 
Factors in evolution ; Emery (147).— Restatement of position ; Eimer 
(143). 
Gestaltung und Yererbung : support of a position, on the whole 
Lamarckian ; Haacke (202). 
Theory of gemmaria : the plasma of ovum, &c., consists of the smallest 
organised particles or gemmaria, built up of rhombic prisms (gemmie), 
formed of albuminoid molecules. The system of gemmaria is in internal 
equilibrium, but may be modified by external influences. As the gemmae 
change in arrangement, the gemmaria change in shape, and the animal 
varies. Fertilisation strengthens the system of gemmaria, and enables 
the offspring to ward off injurious influences more readily ; IIaacke 
( 202 ). 
Theory of the modification of species ; Pfeffer (395). 
Energy as a factor. The energy factor or ergogeny (expressed in 
modes of growth) illustrated ; Ryder (440). 
The germ-plasm : elaboration of a general theory of evolution ; 
Weismann (536). 
Huxley on Nature and Man ; Seth (472). 
Man’s place in nature, &c.; Balkwill (16). 
Man’s place in Nature : Evidence for evolution ; life in its lower and 
higher forms. The characteristics of human life. The relations of en- 
vironment to life. Heredity and evolution. Sensory and rational dis- 
crimination. Animal and rational intelligence. Rational life ; Calder- 
wood (85). 
b. Variation. 
[This subject is also largely referred to in various special Records.] 
Classification of variations : — Primary variations, the result Of intimate 
changes in the germ-plasm, from formation of new kinds of ids, or from 
alteration of the existing kinds ; these are inherited and progressive, and 
may lead to new species. Secondary variations, arising from different 
