FAUNAS. 
Mamm. 23 
Zittel, K. A. y. Die geologische Entwickelung, Herkunft, und Yer- 
breitung der Saugethiere. SB. Ak. Munchen, xxiii, pp. 137-196. 
Translated in Geol. Mag. (3) x, Nos. 9, 10, & 11. 
A survey of the various Mammalian faunas of the different regions 
of the globe according to their geological ages. It is considered that 
during the Secondary period the Multituberculata ( Allothcria ), together 
with Polyprotodont Marsupials, had a world-wide distribution ; while 
subsequently to this, iu the Tertiary epoch, there were three great 
centres of Mammalian development aud dispersion, namely, (1) Aus- 
tralia, (2) South America, and (3) Europe, Asia, Africa, and North 
America. The alleged connection between South America, South 
Africa, and Australia by means of an Antarctic continent is disputed, 
as it is urged that if such connection existed duriug the Tertiary 
period, we ought to meet with Edentates in Australia. Especial 
attention is directed to the recently described faunas of Argentina 
and Patagonia ; and it is shown that if the earliest be rightly assigned 
to the Eocene, its Mammals were much more specialized than those of 
Europe belonging to that epoch ; the Ungulates and Rodents having 
hypsodont molars, and ITomalodonlotherinm being the onty one among 
the former which can be regarded as a generalised type. The list of this 
earliest, or Santa Cruz, fauna of this region includes only Marsupials, 
Edentates, Toxodonts, Typotlierioids, peculiar Perissodactyles, Histri- 
comorphous Rodents, and Primates ; and the same holds good for the 
so-called Patagonian fauna, w T hich has been correlated with the 
Miocene. Hence all the genera found in these formations may be 
regarded as indigenous to South America. On the other hand, when 
we reach the (? Pliocene) Monte Hermoso and Pampean stages, we are 
confronted for the first time with Tapirs, Horses, Llamas, Stags, Mas- 
todons, Murine Rodents, and true Carnivores, all of which are evidently 
immigrants from the north. Confirmation of the connection between 
South and North America having not taken place till this period, is 
afforded by the contemporaneous incursion of South American Edentates 
into the northern half of the continent. 
. Handbuch der Pakeontologie. 1. Abth. iv Band. 2 Lief., pp. 
305-592 ; 3 Lief., pp. 593-799. 
The 2nd part concludes the Ungulates, aud contains the Insectivores, 
Bats, and a portion of the Creodont Carnivores ; while the 3rd part 
completes the work. 
Zollikofer, E. Farben-Aberrationen an Saugethieren und Yogeln im 
St. Caller Museum. Bor. St. Gall. Ges. 1891-92, pp. 295-312. 
II. — FAUNAS. 
Pal^earctic Region. — See Chapman & Buck (Spain), Coke (Malta), 
Dep^ret (France), Gadow (Spain), HofmaNn (Styria), Kermode 
(I. of Man), and Schulze (Saxony). 
Ethiopian Region.— S ee Jentink (Cabama), Lydekker, Matschie, 
Sclater, True, and Tullherg. 
