38 Ech. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
with thick stalk,” Rhopalodina lageniformis (p. 30) ; Studer (256). — 
Synapta under mangrove roots and under coral slabs, a Holothurian in 
sand, Toxopneustes among algae, Echinometra subangalaris in natural 
crevices, Linckia around Alcyonarian colony ; Field (82 ). — Astronyx 
loveni parasitic on Funiculina quadrangular is ; Smith (251). 
Habitus of Rlicatocrinidie as reef-dwellers; Jaekel (125) pp. 633 
& 645. 
(iv) Feeding : — Habits and mode of feeding of Holothurians ; Kent 
( 135) pp. 55, 121, 226, 242. — Food, of Echinoids, Asteroids, Ophiuroids, 
and Holothurians in Kattegat ; Petersen (216): of Ophiurid and Holo- 
thurians ; Kent (134) pp. 230 & 231. — Starfishes eat mussels; 
Herdman (119) p. 30. — Food of deep-sea Asleroulea ; Alcock (6) 
p. 75. 
(v) Defence and Protection : — (a) Active. — Means of defence, test, 
spines, autotomy ; CufiNOT (55). — Spines of Diadema setosa as means of 
defence ; Kent (135) p. 42 : rendered more dangerous by gregarious 
habit ; Field (82) p. 83. — Protection by sudden change of shape, Synapta 
lesseli ; Studer (256) p. 234. 
(b) Concealment . — Toxopneustes variegatus conceals itself by bits of 
seaweed, shell, &c., held on dorsal surface by ambulacral feet ; also in less 
degree, Hipponoe esctdenta : Field (82) p. 83. 
(c) Protective colouration, and colour generally : — 
(1) Colour like sand on which it lives, Ophiolepis ajfinis (p. 28), like 
sponges among which it lives, Ophiomyxa brevispina (p. 233), like sea- 
weed on which it lives, Ophiactis incisa (p. 248) ; Studer (256 ). — Synapta 
with brown patches like coral, Linckia like an Alcyonarian colony with 
which it lives ; Field (82). — Varying with locality in Colochirus tuber - 
culosus ; Studer (256) p. 191.— Colour : generally (p. 16), blue in a star- 
fish (p. 36), protective in Ophiurids (p. 38), sexually dimorphic (p. 255) ; 
Beddard (13). — Warning colours in starfish (p. 51), Asterias littoralis , 
intense Prussian blue (p. 55) ; Ganong (91). 
(2) Astropecten aurantiacus , red natural, violet due to commensal alga 
Rytiphloea tinctoria, neither respiratory; Heim (114). — Echinoids 
covered with phosphorescent substance ; Couteaud (51) p. 150. 
(3) Colour of fossil Crinoids investigated ; Bather (11) p. 151. — 
Colour of living Echinoderma ; see Studer (256), passim : of deep-sea 
types ; Agassiz (3) p. 82. See also II, B, ii, c, & B, iii. 
(vi.) Locomotion: — Various methods ; Perrier (213) p. 82. 
A free-swimming, pelagic Holothurian, Pelagothuria ; Ludwig (156) 
p. 183. 
Bipinnaria and Brachiolaria larvae of littoral Asteroidea found 1000 sea- 
miles from nearest coast in Sargasso Sea ; possible retardation of develop- 
ment; Hensen (115) p. 25. 
Movements of Asterias in turning over, and of Antedon in swimming ; 
Marey (168) pp. 710-712. — Ophioglypha , sp., swims by paired motion of 
four arms ; Sluiter (249) p. 181. — Living positions of Ophioglypha and 
Astropecten ; Kocii (141) figg. 7 & 8. 
