40 Ecli. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
Ophiothrh c in Pleuronectes limanda ( 0 . rosula ), Hippo glos sold es liman- 
doides , Trigal gurnardus, Gadus morrhua, G. ceglefinus, Anarrhichas lupus ; 
Asterias in Hippoglossoides limandoidea , G. ceglefinus ; Echinocyamus in 
Gadus ceglefinus ; Gucumaria in Gadus eagle jinus ; Echinus in Gadus 
ceglefinus j Antedon in Pleuronectes microcephalus : Smith (252). — Ophio- 
thrix frag ilia in Galeua canis , Gadus morrhua ; Ophioeglypha texturata in 
Galeua cunis, Acanthias vulgaris , Trigla hirundo , Platessa vulgaris , Li- 
manda vulgaris ; Echinus miliaris in Trigla gurnardus, Platessa vulgaris ; 
Echinocyamus pusillus in Platessa vulgaris, Rhombus lecvis , R. maximus , 
SoZea vulgaris : Sauvage (235). — Echinoderms, chiefly Ophiura and 
Ophioglypha , with some Echinoids and occasional Holothurians, form the 
chief food of Trigla lyra , Gadus ceglejinus , and Pleuronectes limanda ; 
largely eaten by Hippoglossokles limandoidea , Pleuronectes platessa , P. 
microcephalus , Z 3 . cynoglossus , and SoZea vulgaris ; occasionally by Gadus 
morrhua , G. merlangus , Merluccius vulgaris , Scyllium canicula , and 
; rarely by Z2. clavata : Holt (123). 
(E.) MISCELLANEOUS. 
(i) Preservation : — of Echinoderma ; Granger (98) : of Asteroids 
and Echinoids; Field (82) p. 84 : of Echinoids ; Bavay (12); Ciiev- 
reux (33). 
(ii) Economics : — Asteroideu as manure, and Strongylocentrotus used 
for food ; Ganong (91) pp. 49 & 57. — Beche-de-mer fishery ; Kent (133 
& 135). 
(iii) Bibliography: — Crinoiclea of Gotland; Bather (11). — 
Mesozoic Echinoderma of the United States ; Clark (3G) pp. 15-20. — 
Iowa Blastoidea (p. 219), Crinoiclea (p. 206), Echinoidea (p. 294), other 
Echinoderma (p. 291) ; Keyes (140). 
(F.) AUXOLOGY. 
(i) ECHINODERMA : — (a) Recapitulation : — Ontogeny repeats 
phylogeny, iu Ophiuroids, Asteroids, and Antedon ; Cuenot (58) : com- 
pared with phylogeny in Antedon, recapitulation denied by Hurst (124) 
p. 199, aud maintained by Batiier (10) p. 275. 
(b) General Embryology : — Korschelt (144) ; Bell (1G) p. 10. — 
General account of development, and comparison of larval forms; 
Perrier (213) p. 831. 
(c) Formation of Gonads: — P errier (213) p. 830. — Gonads derived 
from Amoebocytes of lymphatic (ovoid) gland in Asteroidea, Ophiuro- 
idea, and Crinoiclea ; Cuenot (53). — Spermatogenesis and description of 
spermatozoa in all classes of recent Echinoderms ; Field (83) ; Cuenot 
( 57): the same compared with that of Mammals; Moore (194). — 
Oogenesis ; Cuenot (57). 
(d) Oviposition :— the time of, in Toxopneustes variegatus, Ilipponoe 
esculenta, Ophiocoma cethiops, Ophiothrix orsterii ?, in Kingston Harbour, 
Jamaica ; Field (82). 
