42 JEJch. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
(y) OPHIUROIDEA : — (a) General description ; Fjelstrup (84) 
pp. 17-21. 
(b) Formation of Gonads in Amphiura squamata ; Russo (230) 
p. 16. — Extrusion of ova in Ophiopus arcticus ; Grieg (106) p. 17.— 
Ophiopus dies after its first and only extrusion of ova ; Mortensen 
( 197) p. 526. 
(c) Larval stages and origin of organs : — Segmentation, origin of 
germinal layers, vaso-peritoneal vesicles, water-vascular system, ovoid 
gland, skeleton, and nervous and digestive systems in Amphiura squamata ; 
Russo (230). — Embryonic development of genital organs, ovoid gland, 
axial and aboral sinuses in Amphiura ; Macbrjde (159); CuiSnot (59). — 
Apical system in Ophioglypha nodosa (p. 6), Gorgonocephalus agassizi 
(p. 10), and G. lincki (p. 11) ; Grieg (105). 
(d) Brephic and neanic stages of Gorgonocephalus agassizi ; Grieg 
( 106) p. 35 : of Ophiothrix punctolimbata ; Loriol (154) p. 416. 
(vi) CRINOIDEA : — (a) Formation of Gonads : — 06- and sperma- 
togenesis in Bathycrinus carpenteri , Anteclon petasus, A. prolixa , and A. 
eschrichti ; Danielssen (61) pp. 17-19. — Time and manner of oviposition 
in Antedon ; Seeliger (241) p. 162. 
(b) Larval stages : — Complete account of development of Antedon 
rosacea from ovum to cystid stage ; Seeliger (241). 
(c) Brephic and neanic stages : — Muscular articulation in brachials of 
young Bathycrinus carpenteri becomes syzygial in adult; Danielssen (61) 
p. 10. — Growth of stem in Crinoidea ; Agassiz (2) pp. 56-65. — Distal 
columnals of Bathycrinus carpenteri are in young formed of upper and 
lower halves united by syzygy ; Danielssen (61) p. 3. — Neanic stages 
of Gissocrinus verrucosus ; Bather (11) p. 172. 
(vii) Experimental investigation:— Of early development of Echi- 
noids, by chemical alteration of medium, fusion of two or moro ombryos into 
one individual (pp. 459 & 483), fission of one ovum into two individuals 
(p.468), feeble development of skeleton, &c. ; Herbst (116) : similar 
investigation with Lithia-salts continued ; Herbst (118) : with chemical 
reagents on unfertilized eggs of Spheerechinus ; Herbst (117) : of seg- 
mentation in eggs of Arhacia , by salination of water ; Loeb (151) : by 
shaking, pressure, and salination, Sc of Asterias by shaking; eggs of Asterias 
forbesi fertilized successfully with sperm of Arhacia punclidata ; Morgan 
(196): of segmentation of egg of Echinoidea by division of material; 
Driesch (67): by pressure, alteration of temperature and fragmentation ; 
Driesch (68) ; same continued and further development ; Driesch (70): 
of ova of Spheerechinus granulatus and Echinus microtuber culatus by 
pressure; relations of Ectoderm and Entoderm ; Driescii (69). — Driesch 
criticised ; Braem (26). 
Fertilisation and segmentation of enucleated ova of Echinoidea ; 
Boveri (25). — Conditions of keeping living larvae of Echinocyamus (p. 3), 
different physiological reaction of ova from different environments 
(p. 6) ; Theel (260). 
