REPRODUCTION, SEX, AND HEREDITY. 
Gen. Sub. 57 
84 chromosomes or 168. It may be half of the first directive spindle, or 
a second division may occur without extrusion, and the two halves may 
fuse; Brauer (64). 
Hybrids ; van Kempen (268). — Hybrids of Cavia aperea and Cavia 
cobaya ; Neiiring (388). 
Reproduction : particular cases. “ Ergatomorphic ” males and females 
among ants. These are sexual, wingless forms, convergent in structure 
to workers. In Tomognathus there is monomorphism — one form — an 
apterous parthenogenetic female; Forel (164). 
Breeding in and in : Perpetual in Anergates ; Forel (164). 
Breeding in arid in with rats for six years (about thirty generations) 
resulted in increase of mortality, decrease of number of offspring, and in 
sterility; Bos (54). 
Prepotency, breeding to a type, sex influencing transmission, and 
kindred questions ; Miles (351). 
Phenomena of sexual reproduction, differences between the sexes, 
numerical relations, influences determining sex ; Klebs (275). 
Origin of sex ; Debiere (114). 
Extirpation of seminal vesicle in Mammals (rats) has no effect on sexual 
impulse or power of copulating. But the consequence of complete loss of 
both vesicular glands and prostate glands is complete impotence. Rats 
castrated long before puberty have still some sexual inclination. In rats 
castrated boforo puberty the accessory glands do not develop; SfElNACH 
(518). — Spermatogenesis is suspended in artificial cryptorchids, but is 
restored when the testes are drawn to surface ; Piana & Sertoli (419). 
— Effect of castration on antlers of fallow deer: Complete castration at 
birth may result in the formation of simple antlers. Castration late in life 
known in one case to be associated with great asymmetry in the antlers. 
Antlers of castrated deer can be shed. Partial castration soon after 
birth may result in normal but feeble development. Castration on one 
side may result in abnormality and reduction of one antler ; Fowler 
(167). — Retained testes are small, with small but more distinct thick- 
walled seminal tubules, without trace of spermatogenesis. They yet 
influence the penis and body, a function quite distinct from producing 
spermatozoa ; Griffiths (203). — In eunuchoid persons, where the testes 
lose power of growth, the individual developes at puberty like a eunuch 
deprived of testes in early life ; Griffiths (204). 
Function of seminal vesicles, &c. ; Lataste (295). 
Reproductive habits ; Paratre (406) : of Rossia macrosoma ; Raco- 
vitza (433). — Reproductive peculiarities of Termites ; Grarsi & Sandias 
(198).— Reproductive habits in Lepidoptera : Bigamy, biandry, polygamy; 
Seitz (506). — In earwigs ; Heymons (238). 
Natality et masculinity ; Dumont (134). 
Preferential mating in flies ( Dolichopus ); Aldrich (3). 
Cuckoo’s habits ; Raspail (439). 
