EVOLUTION. 
Gen. Sub. 59 
9. Evolution. 
a. General Subject. 
Historical sketch : From the Greeks to Darwin ; Osborn (395). 
Present problems in evolution and heredity ; Osborn (396, 397). 
Historical and critical survey of old and new evolution-theories ; 
Haacke(209). — Review of theories of evolution; Poulton (425). 
Criticism of current phylogenetic theories ; Nusbaum (391). 
Lectures on the Darwinian theory ; Milnes Marshall (333). 
Darwin’s emulators ; Quatrefages (429). 
Darwin : his work and influence ; Parkyn (407). 
Critical survey of setiological theories ; Bateson (24), Osborn 
(397). 
General discussion of evolution theory: Selective synthesis. In evolu- 
tion we may see the continuous manifestation of a selective synthesis. 
As crystals and carbon compounds arise by a selective synthesis, in 
definite controlling environmental conditions, so among organisms. Two 
factors, an intrinsic synthetic tendency and a constraining and condition- 
ing environment, operate towards differentiation ; Lloyd Morgan (374). 
Effect of external influences. “ They are used, so to speak, by nature 
to regulate in a purposeful manner the appearance of the various forms 
which members of a species may take. The germ must thus contain all 
the primary constituents (Anlagen) of these different forms ; and a 
stimulus — produced by the kind of food, by light, by warmth, or by some 
other external influence — serves sooner or later to start the development 
of one kind or of another, as well as to decide which kind it shall be ” ; 
Weismann (562). 
Factors of evolution : “ Evolution of Titanotheres, an uninterrupted 
march in one direction.” “ The changes, en route, lead us to believe 
either in predestination —a kind of internal perfecting tendency, or in 
kinetogenesis.” It is an absolutely definite and lawful progression ; 
Osborn (398, 399). 
Criticism of Darwinism : “ Es mehren sich die Anzeichen, dass die 
Episode des Darwinismus iiberwunden werden wird.” Repetition of old 
criticisms — that the Darwinian theory does not explain origins ; that the 
chances of a fit variation arising are small, except in the case of gradual 
progressive change. Useful adaptation is the very essence of an organism; 
to try to explain adaptation is to try to explain life ; Wolff (581). Experi- 
ment showing regeneration of lens from iris ; Wolff (582). 
Criticism of Darwinism ; Hutchison Stirling (520). 
Notes on Darwinism, Weismannism, &c. ; du Bois-Reymond (47). 
Darwinism and its social influence ; Dennert (119). 
Critical review of Neo-Lamarckism and Neo-Darwinism ; Bailey (15). 
Adequacy of Neo-Lamarckism: “Neo-Lamarckism gathers up and 
makes use of the factors both of tbe St. Hilaire and Lamarckian schools, 
