EVOLUTION. 
Gen. Siib. 63 
Variations of Spiri/er verneuili ; Gosselet (194). 
Variation, particular problems : Polymorphism of ants. Seven types 
occur among Formicidce : (1) winged females, (2) winged males, (3) wing- 
less workers, large and small, (4) soldiers, (5) ergatomorphic females, (6) 
transitions between (1) and (3), (7) ergatomorphic males. The ergato- 
morphic types are wingless and sexual, adapted to subterranean life, con- 
vergent in structure to the workers. The author agrees with Weismann 
that the various forms express germinal variations fixed by natural 
selection, the environmental influences (food, warmth, &c.) may be 
stimuli, but are not the efficient causes ; FoRel (164). 
Report on teratological literature ; Windle (580). — Teratogenesis ; 
Mitrophanow (362). 
Salamanders without lungs; Camerano (80, 81). 
Influence of captivity on the form of the skull in wolves ; Wolf- 
gramm (583). 
Variation of North American fishes ; Moenkhaus (365). 
Variation in coloration ; Fatio (150). 
Detailed study of breeds of dogs, variations in form, profile, and 
general proportions ; Dechambre (115). 
Variations in number of clutch ; d’Hamonville (120). 
Variations in colour : Frequent intervention of albinism in the forma- 
tion of varieties of colour in Mammals ; Saint-Loup (483). 
Variation of coloration ; van Kempen (268). 
Variation in Bdellostoma ; Ayers (14a). 
Central nervous changes secondary to long continued disuse of an 
extremity ; Collins (97). 
Monstrous Annelids ( Allolobophora fceiida and Podarke obscura ) ; 
Andrews (8). 
c. Influence of Function and Environment. 
Difficulty raised by continuity of environments and discontinuity of 
species, if the latter be regarded as arising in adaptation to the former. 
Answer, that discontinuous variations arise which are neither direct or 
indirect adaptations to the environment ; Bateson (24). 
Influence of Environment : (a) “ Where to all appearance external 
influences have had direct action in causing purposeful adaptations, a 
more careful examination will always show that they have only served to 
bring some preformed adaptation into activity.’’ (5) “ We are un- 
doubtedly justified in attributing the cause of variation to the influence 
of changed external conditions’’ ; Weismann (562). 
General lecture on the influence of environment ; Marshall (332). 
Directive stimuli in development ; Herbst (231, 232). 
Adaptation to environment ; Milne-Edwards & Bouvier (352), 
Pilliet (420), CuriNOT (106). 
Cold and frog’s ova : Exposure to 0° (3 days) inhibits development, 
