EVOLUTION. 
Gen. Sub. 65 
Growth of Eugtena confined to two dimensions of space ; Ryder 
(474). 
Growth conditions : Causes of folds in Gasteropod shells ; Dall 
(109). 
Effect of squatting posture, &c. : The bones of lower extremity of the 
adult Panjabi are differentiated by certain markings. These are present 
in foetus, infant, and child, but are perfected by function. Some have 
been found in Neolithic man, who probably squatted ; they have dis- 
appeared from European skeleton. “ The facets seen on the bones of 
the Panjabi infant or foetus have been transmitted to it by the accumu- 
lation of peculiarities gained by habit in the evolution of its racial type 
— in which the acquisition, having become a permanent possession, profit- 
able to the individual under its conditions of life, is transmitted as a 
useful inheritance. These markings are due to the influence of certain 
positions, which are brought about by the use of groups of muscles, and 
they are the definite results produced by actions of these muscles. The 
effects of the use of these muscles are transmitted to the offspring, for 
the markings are present iu the foetus in utero, in the child at birth, and 
in the infant.” The markings are instances of the transmission of 
acquired characters, which function subsequently develops ; Charles 
(87). . 
Use-inheritance in relation to epidermis of the plantar surface ? : The 
plantar thickening was present in embryos, the thickening of the toe-ball 
had also begun, but the thickening of the heel was not discoverable. 
The phenomena most readily explained in terms of natural selection ; 
Dixey (124). 
Modifications of instep from Amphibian to Man : The combined result 
of bone-growth and exercise of muscle ; Tornier (536). 
Adaptive forms of red blood-corpuscles : “ Mechanical origin for the 
elliptical form of the red blood-corpuscle”; Ryder (472). 
Reciprocity of host and parasite ; Mingazzini (356) ; cf. Cuenot 
(104). 
Temperature controlling distribution ; Hart Merriam (344), Maas 
(320). 
d. Elimination , Selection, and Isolation . 
Role of natural selection : This is lessened if the variations which 
have been important in the origin of new species were discontinuous in 
their nature ; Bateson (24). 
Insufficiency of natural selection, criticism of Weismannism : Contrasts 
in power of sense-discrimination at different parts of the body cannot 
be accounted for by natural selection. Relative minutenoss of little toe 
illustrates increase from use and decrease from disuse. It is impossible 
to explain by natural selection alone the co-adaptation of co-operative 
parts. Nutritive origin of different types among social insects. Discus- 
sion of panmixia, &c. ; Spencer (515, 516). 
