6 Tun . 
VI. TUNICATA. 
Samassa, like Castle, discusses the cell-lineage of the earliest stages of 
Ascidian embryology, and differs in his orientation from other authors, 
such as Van Beneden and Julin on the one hand and Seeliger on the other. 
Korotneff, in two important papers (1, 2), discusses various points in 
connection with Salpa , the structure of the stolon, the budding, and the 
development. He finds remarkable phagocytosis in the elaeoblast and 
the placenta. He considers that kalimmocytes are not of so much 
importance as formative elements as was supposed. He finds that the 
blastomeres give rise to “ histogeus” which produce the tissues. As to the 
metagenesis he considers that there is a reproductive division of labour, 
the one generation (gonogen) simply producing germ cells, while the 
other (gonotroph) forms no germ plasm, and is simply a nurse. 
Salensky gives a very complete account of the embryonic develop- 
ment and organogenesis of Diplosomci, including the formation of the paired 
ascidiozooids. He finds that the test is produced from kalimmocytes. 
Hjoht discusses the remarkable fact that in the Botryllidae the bud is 
practically derived entirely from ectoderm. He now fiuds that in the 
Polycliuid Glossophorum the bud is practically endodermal alone. He 
asks whether w r e are to suppose that these cells (ectodermal and eudo- 
dermal) are in the young bud still undifferentiated into germ-layers. 
D.— PHYSIOLOGY. 
Loed found, as the result of experiments, that incisions in living 
specimens of Ciona intestinalis resulted in the formation of eye-spots at 
both sides of the incision. 
III. — GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. 
Cape Town : Traustedt & Weltner describe two new Cynthiidae 
from Japan, and a new Phallusia. 
Spitzbergen : Gottschaldt records half-a-dozen new simple and com- 
pound Ascidians from this neighbourhood. 
Scott has described the occurrence of the chain-form of Salpa 
runcinata-fiisiformis in the Moray Firth last summer. 
Antarctic Ocean : Calm an records a new compound Ascidian. 
Afstein’s report on the distribution of the Salpce of the Plankton 
Expedition is supplementary to the report by Traustedt. He discusses 
fully the distribution, both horizontally and vertically, of the very rich 
material brought back by the Plankton Expedition, and also that 
previously published from the “ Challenger, ’’ and other expeditions ; and 
also describes two new species that had been missed by Traustedt. 
Most species of Salpa seem to be cosmopolitan. The only regions that 
can be recognised in the Atlantic from the occurrence of Salpce, are the 
cold north and the warmer part. Salpce are to be regarded as a typical 
high sea group, which is found everywhere in warmer waters. Moreover 
