BIOLOGY. II, A, B. 
JEJch. 17 
II.— BIOLOGY. 
(A.) EVOLUTION. 
Evolution of ambulacral grooves, nerves, and epineural canals ; 
Lang (58). 
Phylogeny of Echinoderma fully discussed ; Lang (59) p. 1139. 
Evolution of the Crinoidea ; Jaekel (44). 
(B.) MORPHOLOGY. 
(i.) Anatomy. 
(a) ECHINODERMA : — (1) General account ; Boas (10) pp. 133-153. 
— Complete description of external and internal morphology of all Echino- 
derma •, Lang (59) pp. 904- J 091. — General account of recent Echino- 
derma, with special reference to those in Indiau Seas; Alcock (1) 
pp. 96-110. 
(2) Bilateral symmetry of Echinoderm ancestor ; Macbride (74). 
(5) Homologies of calycinal and radial systems in different groups ; 
Bell (7) p. 409. — Homologies of abactinal poles in Asteroidea and 
Crinoidea ; Macbride (72) p. 436. 
(6) Water- vascular system ; Mortensen (85) p. 708. — Madreporite 
compared with collar-pores of Balanoglossus ; Macbride (73) p. 395. 
(7) Dorsal organ, relations to blood-vascular and genital systems, 
homologies; Mortensen (85) p. 711. — Blood and amoebocytesj 
Cattaneo (19) p. 30. 
(b) IIOLOT IIURIOIDE A : — ( I ) Colour of living Holothurians from 
sketches ; Ludwig (70) p. 16 and passim. — Detailed auatomy of Cacu- 
maria glacialis ; Mortensen (85). 
(2) Spicules, in inner organs of Euphronules ; Ludwig (70) p. 43 : 
growth of in Laetmophasma ; Ludwig (70) p. 91 : of Pannychia 
described ; Kisiiinouye (51).— The calcareous ring in Elpidiince ; Maren- 
zeller (75) p. 18. 
(3) Form of tentacles in P solus, phylogenetic relations ; Ludwtg (70) 
p. 139. — Tentacle-ampullfe absent in Pseudostichopus (p. 10), Pcclopatidcs 
(p. 19), Synallades (p. 23) ‘ Ludwig (70) p. 26. 
(4) Abnormal arrangement of mesenteries in Bcnthodytcs ; Ludwig 
(70) p. 58. 
(c) ECHINOIDEA : — (2) Skeleton, — Apical system of Glyphocyplius 
(p. 56), Discoides (p. 59), and Hemiaster (p. 79) ; fascioles of Micraster 
and relation to Epiaster (p. 70) ; interambulacra and fossae of Glypho- 
cypkus (p. 57) : Lambert (57). 
1894. [vol. xxxi.] 
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