XIV. ECIIINODERMA. 
20 Ech. 
(C.) PHYSIOLOGY. 
Senses of smell and taste in Asteracanthion, Asterias, Echinaster, Ophio - 
derma , and Antedon ; Nagel (86) p. 175. 
Poisou of Toxopneustes livid us when eaten at breeding season, and 
poisonous juices of Solas ter papposus ; Linstow (62) p. 135. 
(D.) BIONOMICS. 
(i) General Habits of many recent Echinoderma , especially of 
Indian Seas ; Alcock (1) pp. 96-110. 
Small size of Strongylocentrotus when associated with Sphcerechinus ; 
Koehler (56) p. 419. 
(iii) Habitat : — Pelagic Ecliinoderms, Saccocoma , Pelagothuria, 
Ophiopteron ; Jaekel in Ludwig (67). — Antedon palniata in crevices of 
coral, and habitats of other Echinoderma ; Thurston (122) p. 27, and hi3 
other papers passim. 
(v) Defence and Protection : — (b) Concealment, — Pseiulostichopus 
occultatns covers itself with shells, foraminifera, and sponge-spicules ; 
Marenzeller (75) p. 16. — P. mollis covers itself with sand and shells 
of foraminifera ; Ludwig (70) p. 13. 
(c) Protective coloration, and colour generally, — Black and white of 
Holothuria for shall, green fluorescence of alcohol extract ; Koehler (55) 
p. 4 ; Koehler (56) p. 423. — Yellow of Maretia alia becomes purple 
when handled or immersed in spirit ; Anderson (3) p. 195. 
(vi) Locomotion A free- swimming, pelagic Holothurian, Pelago- 
thuria ; Ludwig (67, 70). 
(vii) Autotomy and Regeneration General account of, in 
Ecliinoderms ; Lang (59) pp. 1093-1096. — Autotomy, its relation to 
genital system discussed ; Anon (5). 
Autotomy of Aster ias richardi , from 6-armed young to 5-armed adult ; 
Marenzeller (75) p. 10. 
Evisceration and regeneration of disc in Amphiura ; Farquiiar (30). 
— Regeneration of arms by budding in Patiria briareus ; Bell (7) p. 404. 
—Regeneration of dorsal papillae in Deima ; Ludwig (70) p. 66. 
(viii) Parasites and Commensals: — Annelid (tlermadiiun pel- 
lucidum ) commensal with and mimicking Opliiothrix echinata ; Koehler 
( 56) p. 416. — Ophiothrix echinata commensal with sponge Esperia 
lorenzii ; Russo (105) p. 7. — Parasitic castration of Amphiura by Ortho- 
nectidae ; Koehler (55) p. 4. 
Hemispeiropsis parasitic on Antedon ; Cuenot (28) and Koenig 
(56a). 
(ix) Echinoderms as food for Pish : — Echinocyamus pusillus os 
food for Haddock ; Meissner & Collin (80) p. 341. 
