34 Moll. 
VII. MOLLUSCA. 
12. Phylogeny and Classification. 
A phylogenetic tree of the Mollusca is given by Plate (337), who 
places Patella on the direct line of descent from the primitive Mollusc, 
and Pleurotomaria, Haliotis, Fissurella , on a branch. Trochidce starting 
another branch gives off the higher Prosobranchs on one hand, and Actoeon 
and the Euthyneura on the other. — The phylogenetic relations of Spirula 
are treated of by Huxley & Pelseneeu (206), who show that it is an 
CEgopsid, and descended from a Belonmite-like form. — Phylogeny of the 
Gastropoda ; Thiele (435). — Pilsbry (328) divides the North American 
Zonitidce into subfams. Ariophantince and Zonitince , according to the pre- 
sence or absence of a dart sac, &c. — Pilsbry’s classification of the Helices 
is criticised by Moellendokff (289).-~Pklsknkeu (313) concludes that 
l.The Tectibranchiata are derived from the Bulloidea , of which Actieon is 
the most archaic; 2. The Nudibranchiata spring from the Tritoniidce , and 
these last from the Tectibranchiata near Pleurobranchcea ; 3. The Pul - 
monata Stylomrnatophora arise from the Auriculidce , which are the most 
archaic of the Basommatophora , and these from the Tectibranchiata near 
Actceon. — Phylogeuy of fossil Tectibranchs; Cossmann (92). — Dall (104) 
as before (Zool. Roc. 1889, Moll. p. 9, No. 8) divides the Pelecypoda into 
I. Prionodesmacea ; II. Anomalodesniacea ; ill. Teleodesmacea ; he places 
the Solemyacea however in i, instead of in n, and makes various changes 
in the suborders. — Synopsis of genera of recent and tertiary Mactridce and 
Mesodesmatklie ; Dall (109). 
13. Stray Notes. 
Period of growth in Limncea stagnalis ; Varigny (456). — Polymorph- 
ism of Mollusca in France ; Coutagne (97). — Sexual dimorphism of 
Nautilus ; Vayssiere (459), Willey (487). — Monstrosity of Fulyur cana- 
liculatum ; Johnston & Pilsbry (215). — Albinism and the tendency to 
it in 1893; Jones (216). — Instinct of movement in Bulimus decollatus ; 
Perez, Act.Soc. Bordeaux, xlvii, p. 314. — Habits of young Sepia: Bather 
(19).— Habits of Agnatha [ i.e . of Testacella] ; Webb (477). — Habits of 
Limpets ; Davis (125). — Scioberetia australis commensal with an Echino- 
4,erm ; Bernard (26). — Mollusca parasitic on, or in Holothuria\ Koehler 
(232). — On the parasitism of the larva of Anodonta ; Faussek (136). — 
How snails obtain lime; Brockmeier (54).— Mode of fixation of Pelecy- 
poda by the byssus ; Boutan (39). — Protective coloration in British 
Clausilice\ Webb (479). — Development of coloration of Amalia go gates ; 
Simroth (378). — Geographical distribution [i.e., dispersal] of Mollusca ; 
Baker (17). — Dispersal of Mollusca by means of Seaweeds ; Vallentin 
(453). — Distribution of land-shells ; Travers (445). — On the toxine of 
Spondylus americanus ; Rochebrune (348). — The black pigment in the 
tissues of Limniea is identical with the melanine, or colouring matter of 
Oephalopod ink ; Andre (10a). — On the occurrence of a notable propor- 
tion of phosphorus in Oysters ; Ciiatin & Mijntz (73). — Oysters and 
