2 Ech* 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
owing to their appearance in publications that are inaccessible to the 
ordinary Englishman, and among such publications many of those issued 
in Italy have to be included. This remark applies also to Crag in (26), 
Russo (106, 107), Shtukenbergii (110), and Tommasi (123) in the 
Record for 1894, and Keyes (138) in the Record for 1893. The others 
previously unseen have now been seen and checked by the Recorder (see 
under Zaiialka, p. 21). 
In the estimate of the number of titles, Reviews and Abstracts are 
not included unless published in the form of signed articles ; they are, 
however, recorded under the name of the author reviewed, in all cases 
where they contain anything of interest to the student of Echinoderms. 
Of such Reviews, 122 are here recorded. Since the present record does 
not profess to abstract papers, and since a student can often see an 
abstract when quite unable to procure the original paper, this reference 
to abstracts seems worth the slight trouble and expense. 
The figures between square brackets, that follow each title, are cross- 
references to the divisions of the Subject- and Systematic Indices. A 
better mode of cross-reference might be devised were one starting a 
Record ab initio , and without reference to the system of previous 
Recorders. - 
II. BIOLOGY. In the main the arrangement of this section is the 
same as in previous years, but in II, B, i, Anatomy, and II, F, 
AUXOLOGY, the catch-numbers have been slightly altered, so as to 
make the numbers of the various subdivisions consonant with one 
another. Thus, in Auxology, under each head (i) Echinoderma , (ii) 
Holothurioidea , (iii) Echinoidea ) (iv) Asteroklea , (v) Ophiuroidea , (vi) 
Crinoidea , the further divisions are as follows (a) Relation of Ontogeny 
to Phylogeny, (b) General Embryology, (c) Formation of gonads, (d) 
Oviposition and fertilisation, Breeding season, (e) Larval stages, free or 
incubated, (f) Organogeny, especially skeletogeny, (g) Postembryonic 
growth- stages, down to death. Head vii is, as before, Experimental 
Investigation, but this year an attempt has been made to classify the 
experimental methods : some of these papers are also given in the 
division of the Zoological Record devoted to General Subjects, but it 
would be a pity to omit them, since these experiments have a direct 
bearing on questions of evolution and distribution of Echinoderma. 
In Anatomy the chief work is by a palaeontologist, Jaekel, on 
Devonian Crinoidea. Under Physiology one notes Schultz’s observa- 
tions on excretion in Holothurioidea. Among Bionomic researches, the 
most interesting is that by Marenzeller on autotomy of an Asteroid 
due to a parasite. In Auxology there are the important embryological 
treatises by Bury & Macbride ; a fair number of scattered observations 
on later growth-stages ; and much experimental investigation of fertilisa- 
tion and segmentation on the ordinary species by the usual writers, 
Boveri, Loeb, Morgan, Wilson, &c. ; here Vernon’s memoir is 
worthy of special note as an extended record of facts. 
