22 Ech. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
179. Ziegler, H. E. Ueber Furchung unter Pressung. Yerh. Anat. 
Ges. ix, pp. 132-146 (1894). [II, F, vii.] 
Abstract, — by P. Mayer in Zool. Jahresber. 1894, Allgemeine 
Biologic, p. 10 ; by Ziegler, Zool. Centralbl. iii, pp. 133-139 
(Feb. 1896). 
180. Zittel, K. A. von. Grundzuge der Palcaontologie (Paheozoologie). 
viii & 971 pp., 2048 text figg. Miinchen and Leipzig, 8vo. 
Echinodermata , pp. 112-204. [II, B, i, a, 5: E, iii. Ill, B, i. IY, 
A, 0, D, E, F, G, H.] 
181. Zoja, R. Sviluppo dei blastomeri isolati ed anomalie di segmen- 
tazione nelle uova di Echini. Rend. 1st. Lombardo, ser. 2, xxvii, 
pp. 821-824 (Jan.). [II, F, vii.] 
II. BIOLOGY. 
(A.) EVOLUTION. 
Phylogenyof Echinoderma and relation to Enteropneusta ; Bury (17) 
pp. 88—131. Relations to ancestor of Chordata ; Willey (171) p. 250. 
Phylogeny of Spatangidce ; Lambert (88) p. 153. 
(B.) morphology. 
(i.) Anatomy. 
(a) ECHINODERMA : — (1) General account ; McMurrich (99). 
(3) Homologies of coelom and genital ducts ; Goodrich (45) p. 500. 
(4) Crystal form of skeletal elements ; Chun (21) p. 73. 
(5) General account of skeletal anatomy of Echinoderma in general, 
and of all Classes, with special reference to extinct forms; Zittel (180). 
(b) HOLOTIIURIOIDEA : — (1) Anatomy and histology of Synapta 
i?ihaerens t with special reference to sense-cells ; Chadwick (20). 
(4) Arborescent organs, histology ; Herouard (57). 
(c) ECHINOIDEA (2) Skeleton of Bothriocidaris ) especially apical 
system ; Jaekel (66). — Test of Centrostephanus longispinus first described 
in detail ; Koehler (75) p. 339. — Anal plates of Hemiaster first described 
in fossil state from a young H. noemice ; Cotteau & Gauthier (27) 
p. 37. — Peculiar fasciole in Peripaiagus , n. g. ; Koehler (79) p. 231. — 
Globiferous spines, like those of Centrostephanus i found in Astropyga 
radiata ; Koehler (77) p. 413. 
(5) Genital rachis and glands, aboral lacunar system, stone-canal, 
ovoid gland, aboral sinus, studied in Sphcerechinus granularis and Echinus 
rnicrotuberculatus , and compared with that of Ophiuroidea ; Russo (141). 
(d) ASTEROIDEA : — (2) Structure and ground-plan of skeletal 
pieces ; Ludwig (90) p. 541. 
