E ch. 23 
BIOLOGY. II, A, B. 
(3) PedicellariaB described for many species, especially Heliaster , 
Odontaster singular is, Nidorellia armata , Gymnasteria carinifera , also 
dermal characters, spines, paxillse, spicules, and papulae minutely described 
and figured for many species ; Leipoldt (84). — Pedicellariae of Luidia 
ciliaris; Koehler (75) p. 319. 
Muscles of body wall (p. 543), nervous system (p. 546), watervascular 
system (p. 559), alimentary system (p. 579) ; Ludwio (90). 
(f) CUINOIDEA : — (1) Skeleton, — Centrodorsal and dorsocentral 
distinguished, existence of dorsocentral denied, term “ perisomatic 
skeleton ’’ explained ; Bather (7) pp. 416-418. — Tcgmen, — of Gastro- 
conia (p. 75), of Hapalocr intis (p. 98), of Macarocrinus (p. Ill) ; Jaekel 
(67) : of Holocrinus (p. 291), of Dadocrinus (p. 287) ; Koenen (81). — 
Orals of Sphcerocrinus ; Jaekel (67) p. 69. — Anus of Dadocrinus ; 
Koenen (81) p. 287. — Anals of Sphcerocrinus ; Jaekel (67) p. 70. — 
Anal side of Lophocrinus ; Koenen (80). 
Arms, — of Carpocrinidm (p. 36), of Culicocrinus spinatas (p. 41), of 
Calycantliocrinm (p. 52) ; Jaekel (67): of Dadocrinus ; Koenen (81) 
p. 285: of Guprcssocrinus have covering-plates but no pinnules ; Jaekel 
( 67) p. 44. — Brachials of Uapalocrimts ; Jaekel (67) p. 99. — Pinnules of 
Acanthocrinus, possibly swollen for gonads ; Jaekel (67) p. 21. — Ambula- 
crals ; Bather (7) p. 419. — Ligament-grooves in radial facet of 
Triacrinus alius ; Jaekel (67) p. 50. 
Stem and root, — of genera from Hunsriickschiefer, especially Acantho- 
crinus ; Jaekel (67) pp. 10,22 : in Herpetocrinus ; Bather (8). 
(2) Modes of union between skeletal elements ; Bather (7) p. 420. 
(g) CYSTTDEA : — General morphology discussed, especially ambu- 
lacra, hydrophores, stone-canal, digestive tract, stem, and tegmen * 
Jaekel (68). 
(h) BLASTOIDEA : — Arms of Pentremitidea ; Jaekel (67) pp. 13-15. 
(ii.) Variation. 
(a) In form : — Scutella subrotunda, with broad poriferous zones; Cotteau 
( 26) p. 15 . — Culcita novce-guinece, change of form due to natural move- 
ments in life ; Sluiter (150) p. 57. 
(b) In form and surface characters : — In Salmacis rarispina (p. 70), 
Phyllacanthus imperials (p. 67) ; Sluiter (151). — In pedicellarise of 
Ophidiaster pusillus ; Sluiter (150) p. 60. — In crenulation of tubercles 
in rhyllacanthus annulifera and Stephanocidaris bispinosa ; Koehler (77) 
p. 409. — In spines of A sterias calamaria ; Farquhar (37) p. 201. 
(c) In colour : — Ophiothrix fragilis becomes more brilliant with depth ; 
Koehler (75) pp. 327, 331 : Echinus melo ditto ; Koehler (79) p. 228. 
— Colour varies with depth in Asierias calamaria ; Farquhar (37). 
(d) Meristic variation : — (1) Variation from pentamerous symmetry, — 
Two 6-raycd specimens of Asterina rcgularis , one with 2 madreporites ; 
