24 Ech . 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
Farquhar (37) p. 199, — I’our-rayed Stichasteraurantiacus (p.578), six-rayed 
Asterina fimbriata (p. 594), and Oclontaster singularis (p. 614) ; Leipoldt 
(84). — Six-rayed Palnxipes placenta ; Herdman (55) p. 40. — Four- and six- 
rayed Pentagonaster granularis (p. 6), seven-rayed Pteraster militaria 
(p. 7) ; Grieg (49).— Crossaster affinis with 9 and 11 rays; Sluiter 
(150) p. 61 f — Fusion of 2 tentacles in Colochirus violaceus ; Koehler 
(77) p. 376 : (see also under e). 
(2) Reduplication or absence of parts, — Variation in position of 
syzygies in Actinometra divaricata ; Koehler (77) p. 422.— In metamerism 
of colour-bands in an Ophiurid ; Morgan (118) p. 439.— One dichotomous 
ray in Porania pulvillus [previously described in “ Nature ” and in Bate- 
son’s “ Variation,” but this not stated] ; Herdman (55) p. 71. 
(e) Abnormalities : — Abnormal development of ovum in Toxopncuslcs 
lioidus ; Eismond (35). — Eoechiuus chloroticus , partly four-rayed, due to 
jamming between rocks ; Farquhar (37) p. 196. 
(0.) PHYSIOLOGY. 
Excretion by wandering cells, passing through integument in Chirodota , 
and through respiratory trees in Cucumaria ; Schultz (147) : minor 
details criticised but general result confirmed ; H^rouard (57) : Schultz 
confirmed and extended, with addition of Holoihuria , and H^rouard 
criticised ; Barth els (4). 
Function of ciliated bands in Auricularia nudibranchiata ; Chun (21) 
p. 61. 
Strong holding power of tube- feet in Stichaster australis ; Farquhar 
( 37) p. 203. 
(D.) BIONOMICS, 
(ii) Special habits ; — Boring of Evechinus chloroticus ; Farquhar 
( 37) p. 195. 
(iii) Habitat : — Ophiocoma nigra and Ophiothrix fragilis (p. 53) ; 
spines of Echinoids, chiefly Spatangus (p. 59) : forming rock in Irish Sea ; 
Herdman (55). 
(iv) Feeding : — Asterias rubens and A. glacialis form chief food of 
Solaster papposus and S. endeca ; Grieg (49) p. 6. — Astronyx loveni feeds 
on Pennatulce ; Smith (153) p. 169. — Holothurians do not eat living 
coral ; Thurston (158) p. 101. 
(v) Defence and Protection : — (b) Concealment, — Protection by 
adhering sea-weed evolved, or was evolved from, use of sea- weed as brood- 
pouch in Hipponoe variegata ; Bather (5). 
(vi) Locomotion : — Floating of Antedon several feet above sea- 
bottom ; Bather (6). — Probable free locomotion of Herpetocrinus ; 
Bather (8) p. 217. 
