26 m. 
XIV. ECHINODERMA. 
(F.) AUXOLOGY. 
(i) ECHINODERMA : — (a) Evidence from Echinoderm larvae as to 
origin of Metazoa and Coelomata , and as to recapitulation of ancestral 
history ; Macbiude (95). — Phylogeny inferred from Ontogeny, relations 
of Cystulea , homologies with Enteropneusta ; Bury (17) pp. 88-131. 
(b) Embryology in general, and of extant classes ; Korscjhelt (82). 
(c) Formation of gonads : — Spermatogenesis, and structure of Sperma- 
tozoa in all living classes ; Field (38). — Structure of Spermatozoa in 
species of Crossaster , Ophiothrix } and Cacumaria ; Ballowitz (3). 
(d) Oviposition and fertilisation : — Karyokinesis of fertilised ovum, 
quadrille of centres denied for species of Toxopneustes , Arbacia , and 
Asterias ; Wilson & Mathews (175). 
(e) Larval stage: — Comparison of Auricularia with Tornaria , pp. 250 
& 251, and the praeoral lobe in Echinoderm larvae, pp. 267-271 ; Willey 
(171). 
(ii) HOLOTHU RIOIDEA (d) Breeding season of Psolus phan- 
tapus and Holothuria tremula , March and April ; Grieg (49) p. 4. 
(e) Full description of Auricularia nudibranchiata, function of oral 
and aboral ciliated bands ; Chun (21). — Metamorphosis of Synapta ; Bury 
(17) pp. 47-64. 
(f) Formation of spicules in Auricularia ; Ciiun (21). 
(iii) ECHINOIDEA (c) Maturation of ova ; Mondino & Acquisto 
(117). 
(d) Photographs of fertilisation, cleavage, and karyokinesis in ovum of 
Toxopneustes ; Wilson & Leaming (174). — Fertilisation and karyokinesis 
of ovum in Toxopneustes varieyatus ; Wilson (172 & 173): ditto in 
Sphcerechinus granularis ; Hill (58 & 59) : ditto in S. granularis , Toxo- 
pneustes lividus , and Echinus microtuberculatus ; Reinke (137a). — C entro- 
somes in fertilised ovum ; Boveri (15). — Abnormal development of 
ovum in Toxopneustes lividus ; Eismond (35). — Researches on fertilised 
ova ; Kostanecki (82a). 
(e) Incubation by Arbacia du/resnei or Tripylus cavernosus ; Bernard 
(12). — Metamorphosis of Echinus microtuberculatus ; Bury (17) pp. 75-83. 
(g) Growth stages in Goniocidaris canaliculata ; Bernard (12). — 
Change of proportions with age in Amblypneustes ovum ; Sluiter (151) 
p. 71. — Young of Psammechinus calarensis partly resemble adult P.peroid\ 
Cotteau (26) p. 11. 
(iv) ASTEROIDEA : — (c) Development of axial and aboral sinus, 
ovoid gland, lacunar system, and gonads in Asterina ; Russo (142). 
(d) Breeding habits of Asterias rubens , A. mulleri , and Cribrella oculata\ 
M’Intosii (97) p. 286. — Breeding season of Leptasterias littoralis at 
Eastport, Me. ; Yerrill (164) p. 211. 
