BIOLOGY. 
Gael. 19 
SCYPHOZOA. 
Browse (31, 32) studied variation of tentarculocysts of Aurelia aurila. 
He finds that of two sets of ephyrm, 22*6 and 20‘9 per cent, were 
normal, while of adults 22 8 were normal. The genital pouches and 
buccal arms also presented considerable numerical variation. [See also 
Sorry (192), who notes 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-fold symmetry.] 
Browne (33) : Variation of Halicystus octoradiatus. 
Griffiths & Platt (86) on the composition of the colouring matter 
(pelag^ine) of Pelagia. 
Herdman (103) : Pentamerous Aurelia. [See also Maas (141), 
Unthank (201), Browne (31, 32).] 
Hesse (106): Nervous system and sense organs of Rhizostoma cuvieri. 
Hyde (120) finds that in the development of Aurelia marginalis gas- 
trulation is by delamination, in A. flavidula by invagination or immi- 
gration, and in Cyanea arctica by a modified form of invagination. In 
the larvae there is an invaginated ectodermal oesophagus and radial gastric 
pouches. From her observations the authoress concludes that the Scy- 
phomedusce and Anthozoa have a common ancestor, with scyphula-like 
form, and of a quadriradial symmetry. 
Lacaze-Dutiiiers (134) notes that in the aquarium of the Arago 
laboratory, strobilisation commenced after two years. [See Zool. Rec. 
1893, Lacaze-Duthiers (52).] 
Duncker (61) calls attention to an abnormal Aurelia , in which the 
umbrella was rofloxed over the oxumbrollar surface, and the umbrellar 
aporture was reduced to a small hole of 4 mm. in diameter. 
The following treat of variation in Aurelia : — Bateson (10), Browne 
(31, 32), Herdman (103), Maas (141), Sorry (192), Unthank (201). 
Anthozoa. 
Bell (13) draws attention to the great amount of variation observable 
in different parts of even the same masses of Turbinaria. 
Bernard (15, 16) describes tlio various methods of growth of Aslrte- 
opora and Turbinaria , and the relationship of these Madrepores. The 
growth of Astrceopora may be explanate, pulvinate, globular; that of Tur- 
binaria crateriform, peltate, frondens, foliate, mesenteriform, tabulate, 
glomerate, or bifrontal. The coenenchyma of Turbinaria differs as a 
result of its method of budding from that of Astrceopora , both in its 
greater abundance and also in its distribution. 
Bourne (21) discusses the structure and affinities of Heliopdra ccerulea , 
Pall., Xenia , and Heteroxenia. He finds that in Heliopora the calicoblasts 
are ectodermic. Cceuenchymal coecaare parts of a system of inosculating 
endodermal canals. The growth of a colony is effected by rapid growth 
and multiplication of coenenchymal tubes. These and the cuticles have 
walls common to them and to the adjacent tubes. Xenia and Heteroxenia 
have also ectodermal spicules. 
