Spong . 1 
xvn. SPONGIA 
BY 
Professor R. von Lendenfeld. 
CONTENT?. 
Page 
Introduction 1 
I. Titles 2 
II. Biology. 
Morphology and Physiology . 7 
A. General 7 
B. Canal-system .... 7 
c. Skeleton 8 
D. Epithelia and Cuticula . 9 
E. Cortex 9 
F. Interstitial layer ... 10 
G. Sexual cells, Propagation 
and Development . .10 
H. Physiology 10 
I. Habits, Bionomics . .12 
Geographical Distribution . 13 
A. General 13 
n. Special Localities . . .13 
Geological Distribution . .14 
Phylogeny aud Classification 14 
Methods 
Pngo 
III. Systematic. 
Calcarea 
Homoceela (vacant). 
Heterocoela . . . . 
Silicea 
. 15 
Triaxonia 
Hexactinellida . . 
. 15 
Hexaceratina (vacan 
t). 
Tetraxonia . . . . 
. 16 
Tetraxonida . . . 
. 16 
Tetractiuellida . 
. 16 
Lithistida . . . 
. 16 
Monaxonida . . . 
. 17 
Clavulitia . . . 
. 17 
Coruacuspongige . 
. 17 
Marine forms . 
. 17 
Spongillida) 
. 18 
Doubtful forms .... 
. 18 
INTRODUCTION. 
The most important papers on Sponges published in 1895 are : (5) in 
which the views held by the Recorder concerning the non-existence of 
Sollas’ membrane are corroborated by Bidder ; (15) in which a number 
of new Desmacidonid Sponges are described by Dendy ; (22) in which 
Hanitscii records certain American types of freshwater Sponges from 
Ireland ; (57) in which some new Hexactinellids are described by F. E. 
Schulze ; (61) in which Topsent gives a monographic account of those 
Sponges of the French coast which he places in his order Carnosa ; and 
(69) in which Weltner gives a list of the known species of Spongillidce , 
with extensive references and localities. 
1895. [vol. xxxii.] f 6 
