246 NATURAL HISTORY 
inches and a half from the tip of the upper to that of the under 
mandible diftended ; the mouth ruddy-coloured within, and it& 
depth a full inch and a half ; from the point of the bill to the 
hinder part of the head, one inch and a half; the eye was black, 
and large in proportion to the bill ; the neck to the pinion of the 
wing, one inch and a half; from the pinion to the tip of the wing, 
feven inches ; the tail five inches long, confifting of ten feathers 
equal in length ; four toes, the middle one feven eighths of 
an inch long, legs only five eighths ; foot not webbed ; its colour 
was betwixt that of a fparrow-hawk and a woodcock, but the 
ground of the whole fomewhat more inclining to a black : the 
weight of this bird was two ounces and a half, four penny-weights 
and two grains. It is very quiet and torpid by day, but noify and 
clamorous by night. Our common people call it the Night-crow ; 
I take it to be the fern-owl of Shropshire, called the churn-owl in 
Yorkfhire from the noife it makes when it flies, the goat-fucker, 
the caprimulgus of Ray, Syn. page 2 and 26. Ray s Vv illughby, page 
107. I have given a drawing of this bird Pi. xxiv. Fig. xm. where, 
every part being done by meafurement, it may give fome parts 
more exatft (or more particular at leaf!) than that in the fore- 
mentioned author, Tab. xiv. It is found moftly in woods and 
mountainous places, in the Peak of Derby, in Yorkfhire, and 
Shropfhire, and fome other places, but rarely in Cornwall. 
The fheld-apple or crofs-bill, as Mr. Ray calls it, (Synopf. page 
86) or fhell-apple, as Dr. Plot, ( Stafford (hire, page 234) is feldom 
feen in Cornwall; but in Mr. Carew’s time, a flock of them 
coming about the time of harveft, made great deftrutiion among 
the apples, Car. page 26. In the autumn they fometimes, though 
rarely, come into England, but never continue the whole year, or 
breed in our ifland. 
The upupa, hoope, or hoopoe, Plate xxiv. Fig. xiv. was killed 
in the parifh of St. Juft, Pen with, in Cornwall : In fome particu- 
lars it differed from Mr. Ray’s Willughby ; there was no red in its 
neck, all of a light chefnut ; the eight firft feathers of the wing, 
as to the ground, quite black; five were crofted or barred, the 
other three fpotted near the fummit with white ; the remaining 
feathers crofted with five white bars ; the upper covering feathers 
of the wing not fo black, but inclining to the chefnut ; the reft as 
in Mr. Ray’s Willughby, page 14.5. It was near the bignefs of a 
fnipe : it is rarely feen in Cornwall. 
The green wood-pecker, or picus Martins , is a beautiful bird, 
remarkable for its vermilion crown on the head, and the different 
fhades of green in its body and wings, which rife from a deep mix- 
ture of brown through four intermediate tints, till it ends in a fine 
light 
