Ech. 1 
ECHINODERMATA. 
BY 
E. A. Minohin. 
I. — Introduction. 
II. — List of Publications, p. 2. 
III. — Anatomy, Histology, &c., 
IY.— Embryology, p. 17. [p.ll. 
Y. — Physiology, p. 17. 
VI. — Biology, p. 18. 
VII. — Distribution, p. 20. 
VIII. — Systematic, p. 20. 
I. — INTROD tJ CTION. 
The number of papers this year is somewhat large, and there are amongst 
them some important additions to our knowledge of Echinoderms. In 
morphology the most important contributions are those of Cu^NOT (1, 2) 
and Sturtz ; besides which must be mentioned the observations of 
Carpenter (2) on the Cystidea , Bell (1) on the anatomy of Phormo- 
soma , and Fewkes (3) on the brachial skeleton of starfish. In the sole 
embryological paper of the year, Semon (1) corrects his former state- 
ments as to the origin of the preoral ciliated band of the Bipinnaria 
larva. Cu^not (1) gives a number of physiological facts, while Ludwig 
(2) decides the much disputed question of the currents through the 
stone* canal and madreporite. Very interesting observations as to the 
habits and mode of life of Echinoderms are to be found in the works of 
CuiNOT (1), Fewkes (2), and Prouiio (1, 2). The principal systematic 
works are those of Cotteau, Lampert, Sciilumberger, and Sturtz. 
Perhaps the most interesting novelty is the new living stalked Crinoid, 
belonging to the family Apiocrinidce , described by Agassiz. In palae- 
ontology must be mentioned the works of Bather, Cotteau, Gaudry, 
Sciilumberger, Sennes, and Sturtz. 
Cuenot (1) describes in a very detailed manner the anatomy and 
histology of Asteroidea , and his statements as to the blood-vascular 
system are specially noteworthy, as giving a very different conception 
from that given by the well-known works of Ludwig and Hamann. 
Of considerable morphological and phylogenetic, as well as systematic 
and paleontological interest, is Sturtz’s new group of the Ophioencrin- 
asterice, as also many of his discoveries in the anatomy of paleozoic 
Asteroids and Ophiuroids. Thus his statement, that in all paleozoic 
Ophiuroids oral shields are wanting, would, if found universally true, be 
1890. [VOL. XXVII.] G 1 
